Lecture 21 – Alcoholic Beverages, part 2 Reading: Textbook, Chapter 14

Wine Grape (Vitis vinifera) – dominant fruit juice used for wine Original domestication – Asia, ca BC - yeast present naturally on outside of fruit - fruit pressed to yield juice - sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) added to kill bacteria

Types of Wine White wine – skins removed immediately after pressing; fermentation at C (cool)

Types of Wine White wine – skins removed immediately after pressing; fermentation at C (cool) Red wine – skins not removed; red or purple grapes used fermentation at C (warmer)

Types of Wine White wine – skins removed immediately after pressing; fermentation at C Red wine – skins not removed; red or purple grapes used fermentation at C Rose wine – skins removed a short period after pressing fermentation at C

Types of Wine White wine – skins removed immediately after pressing; fermentation at C Red wine – skins not removed; red or purple grapes used fermentation at C Rose wine – skins removed a short period after pressing fermentation at C Names of wine – based on variety of grape, or geographical location

Types of Wine White wine – skins removed immediately after pressing; fermentation at C Red wine – skins not removed; red or purple grapes used fermentation at C Rose wine – skins removed a short period after pressing fermentation at C Names of wine – based on variety of grape, or geographical location Vintage – year in which grapes were picked; growing conditions affect the amount of sugar and flavoring components that can produce variations in the quality of the wine

Champagne Still Wines – carbon dioxide vented during fermentation, settling Sparkling Wines – made by second round of fermentation before bottling:

Champagne Still Wines – carbon dioxide vented during fermentation, settling Sparkling Wines – made by second round of fermentation before bottling: - sugar + specially selected yeasts added to still wine

Champagne Still Wines – carbon dioxide vented during fermentation, settling Sparkling Wines – made by second round of fermentation before bottling: - sugar + specially selected yeasts added to still wine - problem: removal of sediment formed from yeast (bottles stored with neck at downward angle and turned; sediment decanted before final corking)

Champagne Still Wines – carbon dioxide vented during fermentation, settling Sparkling Wines – made by second round of fermentation before bottling: - sugar + specially selected yeasts added to still wine - problem: removal of sediment formed from yeast (bottles stored with neck at downward angle and turned; sediment decanted before final corking) Champagne – sparkling wine produced in area of La Champagne, France Inexpensive sparkling wine – carbonated like soda pop

Champagne - Terms Quarter-Bottle 6.3 fluid ounces Half-Bottle 12.7 fluid ounces Bottle 25.4 fluid ounces Magnum 50.8 fluid ounces 2 bottles Jeroboam fluid ounces 4 bottles Rehoboam 147 fluid ounces 6 bottles Methuselah 196 fluid ounces 8 bottles Salmanazar fluid ounces 12 bottles Balthazar fluid ounces 16 bottles Nebuchadnezzar 508 fluid ounces 20 bottles Level of Dryness Amount of residual sugar per liter Extra Brut, Brut Sauvage, Ultra Brut, Brut Integral, Brut Zero.6% Brut 1.5% Extra Dry, Extra Sec 1.2 to 2.0% Sec 1.7 to 3.5% Demi-Sec 3.3 to 5.0% Doux (sweetest) 5% and up

Fortified Wines Fortified Wine: concentrated ethanol or distilled beverage added - sherry, port, Madeira (from specific regions) - Dubonnet, vermouth – flavorings added also Distilled Wine: - brandy – wine distilled, then aged (Cognac, Armagnac – regions of France) - other fruits may be used: calvados (apple); kirsch (cherry) - liqueur, cordial: sugars and flavors added to the distilled wine

Distilled Wines Distilled Wine: distillation  alcohol concentrated - brandy – wine distilled, then aged (Cognac, Armagnac – regions of France)

France in Crisis – The Phylloxera Epidemic I. The Mystery Mid 1800s – wine industry in France – employed 1/3 of population; second largest export; accounted for 1/6 of government revenues

France in Crisis – The Phylloxera Epidemic I. The Mystery Mid 1800s – wine industry in France – employed 1/3 of population; second largest export; accounted for 1/6 of government revenues 1860s – grape vines start mysteriously dying – suddenly turning brown, the leaves shriveling, the roots turning black

France in Crisis – The Phylloxera Epidemic I. The Mystery Mid 1800s – wine industry in France – employed 1/3 of population; second largest export; accounted for 1/6 of government revenues 1860s – grape vines start mysteriously dying – suddenly turning brown, the leaves shriveling, the roots turning black The disease is first noticed in the southern part of the country. Northern growers scoffed at the problem – a hoax, or perhaps divine punishment for overproduction by greedy southerners

France in Crisis – The Phylloxera Epidemic I. The Mystery Mid 1800s – wine industry in France – employed 1/3 of population; second largest export; accounted for 1/6 of government revenues 1860s – grape vines start mysteriously dying – suddenly turning brown, the leaves shriveling, the roots turning black The disease is first noticed in the southern part of the country. Northern growers scoffed at the problem – a hoax, or perhaps divine punishment for overproduction by greedy southerners Then the disease spreads inexorably across the nation

France in Crisis – The Phylloxera Epidemic II. The Response No Immediately Apparent Cause  Panic/Superstition - Place vials of holy water from Lourdes in the fields

France in Crisis – The Phylloxera Epidemic II. The Response No Immediately Apparent Cause  Panic/Superstition - Place vials of holy water from Lourdes in the fields - Bury live toads in blighted vineyards to draw out the poison

France in Crisis – The Phylloxera Epidemic II. The Response No Immediately Apparent Cause  Panic/Superstition - Place vials of holy water from Lourdes in the fields - Bury live toads in blighted vineyards to draw out the poison - Bring schoolboys twice a day to the fields to urinate on the vines

France in Crisis – The Phylloxera Epidemic II. The Response No Immediately Apparent Cause  Panic/Superstition - Place vials of holy water from Lourdes in the fields - Bury live toads in blighted vineyards to draw out the poison - Bring schoolboys twice a day to the fields to urinate on the vines Government offered a large cash prize for solution

France in Crisis – The Phylloxera Epidemic III. The Salvation Government researchers – identified an aphid as the cause of the disease The phylloxera aphid attacks the roots (out of sight) and the aphids leave the plant when it starts to die

France in Crisis – The Phylloxera Epidemic III. The Salvation Government researchers – identified an aphid as the cause of the disease The phylloxera aphid attacks the roots (out of sight) and the aphids leave the plant when it starts to die Aphid was accidentally introduced from North America on imported grapevines

France in Crisis – The Phylloxera Epidemic III. The Salvation Government researchers – identified an aphid as the cause of the disease The phylloxera aphid attacks the roots (out of sight) and the aphids leave the plant when it starts to die Aphid was accidentally introduced from North America on imported grapevines Use of resistant North American rootstocks for grafting scions from named varieties provided the solution

Student Presentations: Exotic Spices