Practical Phonetics Week 2 Classifying sounds: place and manner of articulation Where and how sounds are made

Thinking about sounds Say ‘mmmm’ – where is the ‘m’ sound produced? It’s a bilabial consonant (this is the place of articulation) Pinch your nose – what happens? It stops: it’s a nasal (not an oral) consonant Put your fingers in your ears – what do you hear? The vibrations of the vocal cords: it’s a voiced consonant

Some places of articulation: bilabial consonants lips p pie b buy m mute w wood

Labiodental consonants upper teeth lower lip f fine v vine

Dental consonants upper teeth tip of tongue θ thin ð this

t tie d die s Sue z zoo n night l light Alveolar consonants alveolar ridge tip/blade of tongue t tie d die s Sue z zoo n night l light

Post-alveolar / palato-alveolar consonants ʃ shoe, pressure Ʒ pleasure ʧ cheap ʤ jeep r rack

Palatal consonants j yes

Velar consonants velum back of tongue k curl g girl ŋ rang

Some manners of articulation: plosives (think explosion) or stops Bilabial: p b Alveolar: t d Velar: k g

Fricatives (think friction) Palato-alveolar or post-alveolar: ʃ Ʒ Labiodental: f v Alveolar: s z

Oral Nasal (Velum is lowered, allowing air to enter the nasal cavity)

Nasals Bilabial: m Alveolar: n Velar: ŋ

Other consonants ʤ = voiced post-alveolar affricate Affricates (a combination of stop + fricative): ʧ = voiceless post-alveolar affricate ʤ = voiced post-alveolar affricate Approximant (articulators approach each other but do not touch): w r j Lateral (also called lateral approximant; air flows over sides of tongue): l

Summary of Places of Articulation Bilabial (lips) p b m w Labiodental (lips and teeth) f fine v vine Dental (tongue and teeth) θ thin ð then Alveolar (tongue and alveolar ridge) t d s z n l Palato-alveolar (tongue and front part of hard palate) ʃ shoe ʒ measure ʧ cheap ʤ jeep r Palatal (tongue and hard palate) j yes Velar (tongue and velum) k g ŋ running Glottal (glottis) h

Summary of manners of articulation Plosive / Stop p b t d k g Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h Affricate (stop + fricative) ʧ ʤ Nasal m n ŋ Approximants w r j (central) l (lateral)

Classifying consonants Voiced or voiceless Place of articulation (Central or lateral) (Oral or nasal) Manner of articulation Example 1 : s (sing): A voiceless, alveolar, (central), (oral) fricative A voiceless, alveolar plosive/stop = ? /t/ What is /k/? - A voiceless, velar plosive/stop

The International Phonetic Alphabet: the English consonants Full IPA with audio illustrations: http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm

And finally…an x-ray (not x-rated) movie: http://www.practicalphonetics.com/seeing%20through%20speech.htm Review activities Complete the “Classifying Consonants” chart Labels practice: http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/flash/phonflashrp.htm Symbols practice: http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/flash/findrp.htm