Microirrigation design Oregon NRCS Engineering Meeting January 11-14, 2005 Natural Resources Conservation Service NRCS United States Department of Agriculture

Over view Over view Water requirement –System Flow rate Water requirement –System Flow rate Pressure requirement Pressure requirement Component design Component design

Wind breaks/trees

Orchards

Vine crops

Nursery crops

High Dollar crops

Low Dollar crops

Water Quality Water quality factors can be divided into three major categories: physical clogging caused mostly by suspended solids, chemical clogging resulting from pH of the water, dissolved solids, sodium, calcium, magnesium and total iron and biological clogging resulting from algae and bacterial populations.

System Flow rate

Depth of application. Net depth of application shall be sufficient to replace the water used by the plant during the plant peak use period. Net depth of application shall be sufficient to replace the water used by the plant during the plant peak use period. Applications shall include adequate water for leaching to maintain a steady state salt balance. Applications shall include adequate water for leaching to maintain a steady state salt balance. NRCS Standards

. F n = QNTE AF Where: F n = net application depth, in/day/design area Q = discharge rate, gal/hr/emitter N = number of orifices or emitters T= hours of operation per day, 22 hours maximum E = field application efficiency, expressed as a decimal, not greater than 0.90 for design purposes. A = ft 2 of field area served by N (number of emitters) F = the design area as a percentage of the field area, expressed as a decimal = units conversion constant Depth of application

shall be adequate to meet the intended water demands during the peak use period shall be adequate to meet the intended water demands during the peak use period shall include an allowance for reasonable water losses (evaporation, runoff, and deep percolation) during application periods. shall include an allowance for reasonable water losses (evaporation, runoff, and deep percolation) during application periods. shall have the capacity to apply a specified amount of water to the design area within the net operation period. shall have the capacity to apply a specified amount of water to the design area within the net operation period. System capacity.

should have a minimum design capacity sufficient to deliver the peak daily irrigation water requirements in 90% of the time available, but not to exceed 22 hours of operation per day. should have a minimum design capacity sufficient to deliver the peak daily irrigation water requirements in 90% of the time available, but not to exceed 22 hours of operation per day. Field application efficiency (E) for design purposes shall not exceed 90 percent. Field application efficiency (E) for design purposes shall not exceed 90 percent. System capacity Continued

shall be adequate to provide water distribution to the plant root zone and percent plant wetted area (P w ). shall be adequate to provide water distribution to the plant root zone and percent plant wetted area (P w ). Number and spacing of emitters.

Wetted Area

Percent Wetted Area For widely spaced crops such as vines, bushes, and trees, a reasonable design objective is to wet at least one-third and up to one-half of the horizontal cross-sectional area of the root system. smaller Pw is favored for economic reasons. rows spaced less than 6 ft. (1.83 m) apart, the Pw may approach 100 %.

Wetted area single row

Wetted area single plant

Components of a Drip system

Subunit Design Plant and emitter spacing Plant and emitter spacing Average emitter flow rate and allowable pressure head variations Average emitter flow rate and allowable pressure head variations Desired number of operating stations Desired number of operating stations Overall length of plant rows in field or subset Overall length of plant rows in field or subset Number of plant rows in field or subset Number of plant rows in field or subset Field topography Field topography

Emitter types Long path emitters, Short orifice emitters, Vortex emitters, Pressure compensating emitters, Porous pipe or tube emitters.

Emitter manufacturing variability The manufacturer’s coefficient of variation (C V ) shall be less than 0.07 for point source emitters and less than 0.20 for line source emitters.

Emitters Flow is characterized by the following equation q=kP x Flow is characterized by the following equation q=kP x K and x obtained from manufacture K and x obtained from manufacture

Lateral Design Types of laterals Types of laterals Heavy wall drip line Heavy wall drip line Thin wall drip line Thin wall drip line Drip tape Drip tape Polypipe with punch emitters Polypipe with punch emitters Polypipe with sprays Polypipe with sprays

Design Considerations Select emitter/flow rate Select emitter/flow rate Determine required operating pressure Determine required operating pressure Calculate friction loss Calculate friction loss Quick estimate use multiple outlet factor Quick estimate use multiple outlet factor Manufacture’s software Manufacture’s software Built spreadsheet Built spreadsheet Decide whether to use single or paired laterals Decide whether to use single or paired laterals Make adjustments Make adjustments Check with flushing conditions Check with flushing conditions

Slope and topography

Hydraulics F= multiple outlet factor L= length of lateral (ft) Q= lateral flow rate (gpm) S e = emitter spacing (ft) F e = equivalent length of emitter connection loss q a = average emitter flow rate

Emission Uniformity Emission Uniformity Rating Emission Uniformity Rating % Excellent % Good % Fair Less than 70% Poor

Lateral Flow flat slope

Lateral Flow 2% downhill slope

Lateral flow 2% uphill slope

Lateral flow varied slope

Eurodrip program print out

Lateral flow Plot

System flushing. Appropriate fittings shall be installed above ground at the ends of all mains, submains, and laterals to facilitate flushing. A minimum flow velocity of 1 ft/sec is considered adequate for flushing. Appropriate fittings shall be installed above ground at the ends of all mains, submains, and laterals to facilitate flushing. A minimum flow velocity of 1 ft/sec is considered adequate for flushing.

Manifold Design Needed information Flow rate Flow rate Inlet location Inlet location Pipe sizes Pipe sizes Inlet pressure Inlet pressure Flow variation Flow variation Emissions uniformity Emissions uniformity

Below ground

Above ground

Manifold and lateral lines. shall be designed to provide discharge to any applicator in an irrigation subunit operated simultaneously such that they will not exceed a total variation of 20 percent of the design discharge rate. shall be designed to provide discharge to any applicator in an irrigation subunit operated simultaneously such that they will not exceed a total variation of 20 percent of the design discharge rate. Allowable pressure variations.

Greatest Emitter Discharge - Smallest Emitter Discharge x 100 Greatest Emitter Discharge - Smallest Emitter Discharge x 100 Average Emitter Discharge This is reported in Percent and must be less than or equal to 20% This is reported in Percent and must be less than or equal to 20% Allowable Pressure Variations

Flushing Method Method Manual Manual Manifold Manifold Size Size friction loss through manifold and valves friction loss through manifold and valves Frequency Frequency

Flush Manifold

Main line design Size Size system flow rate system flow rate pressure loss pressure loss

Filters shall be provided at the system inlet. Under clean conditions, filters shall be designed for a head loss of 5 psi or less. shall be provided at the system inlet. Under clean conditions, filters shall be designed for a head loss of 5 psi or less. shall be sized to prevent the passage of solids in sizes or quantities that might obstruct the emitter openings. shall be sized to prevent the passage of solids in sizes or quantities that might obstruct the emitter openings. shall be designed to remove solids equal to or larger than one-fourth the emitter opening diameter, or the emitter manufacturer's recommendations, whichever is more stringent shall be designed to remove solids equal to or larger than one-fourth the emitter opening diameter, or the emitter manufacturer's recommendations, whichever is more stringent

shall provide sufficient filtering capacity so that backwash time does not exceed 10% of the system operation time. Within this 10% time period, the pressure loss across the filter shall remain within the manufacturer's specification and not cause unacceptable EU. shall provide sufficient filtering capacity so that backwash time does not exceed 10% of the system operation time. Within this 10% time period, the pressure loss across the filter shall remain within the manufacturer's specification and not cause unacceptable EU. Filter/strainer systems designed for continuous flushing shall not have backwash rates exceeding 1.0% of the system flow rate or exceeding the manufacturer's specified operational head loss across the filter. Filter/strainer systems designed for continuous flushing shall not have backwash rates exceeding 1.0% of the system flow rate or exceeding the manufacturer's specified operational head loss across the filter.

Filter Design Select Type Select Type May need two May need two Pre-filter and primary filter Pre-filter and primary filter Size Size Flow rate Flow rate Must account for pressure through filter Must account for pressure through filter Must account for pressure required to back flush Must account for pressure required to back flush

Disc Filters

Sand Media filter

Screen filters

Filter summary

Chemigation. System EU shall not be less than 85 percent. System EU shall not be less than 85 percent. Injectors and other automatic operating equipment shall be located adjacent to the pump and power unit, and include integrated back flow prevention protection. Injectors and other automatic operating equipment shall be located adjacent to the pump and power unit, and include integrated back flow prevention protection. Shall be accomplished in the minimum length of time needed to deliver the chemicals and flush the pipelines. Shall be accomplished in the minimum length of time needed to deliver the chemicals and flush the pipelines.

Select an Injection System Fertilizer Fertilizer Acid ( change ph, help against root intrusion and clogging) Acid ( change ph, help against root intrusion and clogging) Chlorine ( prevent biological clogging) Chlorine ( prevent biological clogging) Other water amendments Other water amendments Pesticides Pesticides Need safety devices ( State regulations) Need safety devices ( State regulations)

Injectors

Storage tanks

Pump Design Calculate TDH Calculate TDH Size Pump Size Pump

Miscellaneous Automatic controls Automatic controls Pressure regulators Pressure regulators Air vents/valves Air vents/valves

Summary Determine Plant information Determine Plant information Spacing row/plant Spacing row/plant Water requirement Water requirement Irrigation frequency Irrigation frequency Test water quality Test water quality Select emitter/sprayer Select emitter/sprayer Type Type Spacing Spacing Discharge Discharge Emitter factors C v, K, x Emitter factors C v, K, x Design Lateral – normal/flushing Design Lateral – normal/flushing size size Flow rate Flow rate Pressure requirement Pressure requirement

Design Manifold Header-Flushing/Subunits Design Manifold Header-Flushing/Subunits size size Flow rate Flow rate Pressure requirement Pressure requirement Emissions uniformity Emissions uniformity Air valves Air valves Design Mainline Design Mainline size size Flow rate Flow rate Pressure requirement Pressure requirement Select Filter system Select Filter system Number/size Number/size Flushing - disposal Flushing - disposal Pressure requirement Pressure requirement

Select injection system Select injection system Type Type Size Size Safety considerations/features Safety considerations/features Controls Controls Pump station Pump station Flow rate Flow rate pressure pressure