Classification and Origins of Freshwater Systems Lecture goals: Review the water cycle Key concepts and terminology in hydrology Field guide to freshwater.

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Presentation transcript:

Classification and Origins of Freshwater Systems Lecture goals: Review the water cycle Key concepts and terminology in hydrology Field guide to freshwater systems

The Water Cycle

Surface Area : Volume Ratio 1:1

Surface Area : Volume Ratio The smaller the lake or reach, the larger the SA:V ratio. The larger the lake or reach, the smaller the SA:V ratio.

The Global Water Budget

The Watershed

Surface v. Groundwater

Ephemeral Ponds Lakes vs. Ponds

Lake and Pond Origins Glacial Activity

Glacial Scouring

Cirques

Paternoster Lakes

Ice Dams

Moraine Dams Flathead Lake, MTFinger Lakes, NY

Kettle Lakes

Lake and Pond Origins Glacial Activity Tectonic Activity

The Major Lithospheric Plates

Uplift Lakes

Lakes at Faults Lake Baikal

Lakes at Faults Lake Malawi

Lake and Pond Origins Glacial Activity Tectonic Activity Other

Other cool ways lakes can be formed… Volcanic activity

Other cool ways lakes can be formed… Chemical reactions CaCO 3

Other cool ways lakes can be formed… Rivers

Lake Manicouagan, Quebec 5 km diameter asteroid 212 MYA Extraterrestrials

Lake and Pond Zones Benthic Littoral Limnetic Profundal

Stream Order Horne Brook, NH Columbia River, WA

Stream Order Benefits

Order is correlated with other characteristics These data are from a network of streams near Santa Fe, NM

Stream order can be used to describe real differences in drainages

Stream Order Benefits Drawbacks

The Problem: Order N into Order N+1

Real Differences in Stream Networks?

Why Classification Matters Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County vs. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers In 2001, Supreme Court rules that Clean Water Act does not give Corps jurisdiction over “isolated” streams and wetlands. Sets off rush to re-classify streams and wetlands as “isolated”. In October 2005, Supreme Court agrees to hear additional arguments on wetland and stream protection.