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How did we get from Linnaean Taxonomy… Bacteria Archaea Archezoans Euglenoids Chrysophytes Green Algae Brown Algae Red algae Slime Molds True Fungi Bryophytes Tracheophytes Protozoans Myxozoans Multicellular Animals

To a tree-like concept of organisms? Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes EuglenoidsArchezoans Archaea Bacteria Original Cell Extant Extinct Long Time with Prokaryotes only BYBPOrigin of Life Cyanobacterial Oxygen First Eukaryotes Multicellular AnimalsLand!

com/evolvingthoughts/upload/2007/04/Willi_Hennig2.jpg Emil Hans (Willi) Hennig German entomologist Hennig developed a mechanism (cladistics) to find the pathways of evolution among related organisms. It is based not only on what one sees, but on many kinds of evidence, including molecular sequences. The pathways are determined by virtue of shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies). Rather than putting organisms into Linnean taxonomic “boxes,” the cladistics process shows the pathway of evolution.

Evidence Categories History - clearer recently, more obscure anciently Fossils - stratigraphic depth, isotope decay, etc. Chemical - metabolic products such as O 2, S s Molecular - DNA sequence alterations, etc. Developmental sequences - onto- phylo- geny Biogeography - Pangea, Gondwana & Laurasia

How do we find the Evolution Pathway? Phylogenetic Systematics Inferences from comparison of extant organisms Characters-Attributes of the organism » Anatomy » Morphology » Development » Physiology » Macromolecule Sequences Polarizing Character States Plesiomorphies-Ancient, shared by descendants Apomorphies-More-recent derivatives » Synapomorphy-Shared among related organisms » Autapomorphy-Found only in one organism Use of outgroup to compare to ingroup

Typical Cladogram Common Ancestor Extant APresent Ancient Extinct Transitional Forms Time A’A’ A”A” A’” This straight line of evolution is called anagenesis (aka: microevolution). Extant B This branching of evolution is called cladogenesis (aka: macroevolution). A’ is the common ancestor of extant A and extant B

Research/woodfrog.jpg Rana sylvatica Wood Frog r/amphibian/images/northernLeopardFrog.jpg Rana sphenocephala Leopard Frog Rana palustris Pickerel Frog Rana clamitans Green Frog Library/NCR/PhotoGallery/NR-Bull- frog.jpg Rana catesbeiana Bull Frog 5 species of frogs found locally What could have made them speciate?

Figure 1. Hypothetical phenology of frog mating behavior in a pond in the north temperate zone. Mating Activity March April May June July Wood frog Leopard frog Pickerel frog Green frog Bull frog Could the size of the pond, availability of tadpole food, etc. be pivotal? Which frog was mating in mid-March?

Figure 1. Hypothetical phenology of frog mating behavior in a pond in the north temperate zone. Mating Activity March April May June July Wood frog Leopard frog Pickerel frog Green frog Bull frog Could the size of the pond, availability of tadpole food, etc. be pivotal? Which frog was mating in mid-March? Which frog was mating in early May?

Figure 1. Hypothetical phenology of frog mating behavior in a pond in the north temperate zone. Mating Activity March April May June July Wood frog Leopard frog Pickerel frog Green frog Bull frog Could the size of the pond, availability of tadpole food, etc. be pivotal? Which frog was mating in mid-March? Which frog was mating in early May? When were three species of frog mating?

Figure 1. Hypothetical phenology of frog mating behavior in a pond in the north temperate zone. Mating Activity March April May June July Wood frog Leopard frog Pickerel frog Green frog Bull frog Could the size of the pond, availability of tadpole food, etc. be pivotal? Which frog was mating in mid-March? Which frog was mating in early May? When were three species of frog mating? Why do you think Green and Bull frogs mated so much later?

Grand Canyon squirrels: Sciurus aberti kaibabensis Sciurus aberti aberti North RimSouth Rim ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

Model of geographic speciation: Time (10,000 years) one species with unrestricted interbreeding Grand Canyon prevents interbreeding erosion begins interbreeding between populations decreases Kaibab Squirrel North Rim Abert Squirrel South Rim

A” C A’ A B are a clade (is monophyletic) Typical Cladogram Common Ancestor Extant AExtant BPresent Ancient Time A’A’ A”A” A’” Extant C A” C are a grade (is paraphyletic) A’ A B is the sister group of C A’ A B constitute a clade

Typical Cladogram Common Ancestor Extant AExtant CExtant BPresent Ancient Time A’A’ A”A” A’” A”” Extinct! Extant DExtant E A””’ D A””’ E are a ? clade Common ancestor + A””’ D E are a ? grade The ABC clade may be, say, a genus. The DE clade may be another genus… in the same family The ABCDE clade would be the family

Typical Cladogram Common Ancestor Extant AExtant CExtant DExtant EExtant BPresent Ancient Time A’A’ A”A” A’” A”” Extinct! A””’ On the other hand… AB are a genus C is a monotypic genus DE are a genus ABC might be one family DE are in another family ABCDE might constitute an order

Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algaeBrown AlgaeGreen Algae Chrysophytes EuglenoidsArchezoans Archaea Bacteria Original Cell Extant Extinct Living organisms together are part of one…?

Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algaeBrown AlgaeGreen Algae Chrysophytes EuglenoidsArchezoans Archaea Bacteria Original Cell Extant Extinct Living organisms are part of one clade (monophyletic) Prokaryotic organisms constitute one…?

Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algaeBrown AlgaeGreen Algae Chrysophytes EuglenoidsArchezoans Archaea Bacteria Original Cell Extant Extinct Living organisms are part of one clade (monophyletic) Eukaryotic organisms are one…? Prokaryotic organisms are a grade (paraphyletic)

Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algaeBrown AlgaeGreen Algae Chrysophytes EuglenoidsArchezoans Archaea Bacteria Original Cell Extant Extinct Living organisms are part of one clade (monophyletic) Eukaryotic organisms are a clade Prokaryotic organisms are a grade (paraphyletic) Plants are one…?

Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algaeBrown AlgaeGreen Algae Chrysophytes EuglenoidsArchezoans Archaea Bacteria Original Cell Extant Extinct Living organisms are part of one clade (monophyletic) Eukaryotic organisms are a clade Prokaryotic organisms are a grade (paraphyletic) Plants are a clade (monophyletic) Animals and Fungi are a…?

Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algaeBrown AlgaeGreen Algae Chrysophytes EuglenoidsArchezoans Archaea Bacteria Original Cell Extant Extinct Living organisms are part of one clade (monophyletic) Eukaryotic organisms are a clade Prokaryotic organisms are a grade (paraphyletic) Protists, all together, constitute one…? Plants are a clade (monophyletic) Animals and Fungi are a clade!

Multicellular Animals MyxozoansProtozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algaeBrown AlgaeGreen Algae Chrysophytes EuglenoidsArchezoans Archaea Bacteria Original Cell Extant Extinct Living organisms are part of one clade (monophyletic) Eukaryotic organisms are a clade Prokaryotic organisms are a grade (paraphyletic) Protists are polyphyletic (unnatural taxon) Plants are a clade (monophyletic) Animals and Fungi are a clade!

Figure 28.4 (a) Data set 1 (morphological traits): Whales diverged before the origin of artiodactyls. (b) Data set 2 (DNA sequences): Whales and hippos share a common ancestor. (c) Data set 3 (presence and absence of SINEs): Supports the close relationship between whales and hippos. 1  SINE present 0  SINE absent ?  still undetermined Whales and hippos share four unique SINEs (4, 5, 6, and 7) Cow Deer Whale Hippo Pig Peccary Camel Locus Cow Deer Whale Hippo Pig Peccary Camel Astragalus (ankle bone) Loss of pulley- shaped astragalus Gain of pulley- shaped astragalus Perissodactyls (horses and rhinos) ARTIODACTYLS

Figure 28.4b Cow Deer Whale Hippo Pig Peccary Camel Loss of pulley- shaped astragalus Gain of pulley- shaped astragalus Perissodactyls (horses and rhinos) ARTIODACTYLS (c) Data set 3 (presence and absence of SINEs): Supports the close relationship between whales and hippos. 1  SINE present 0  SINE absent ?  still undetermined Whales and hippos share four unique SINEs (4, 5, 6, and 7) Cow Deer Whale Hippo Pig Peccary Camel Locus

Fig Pg 601 This is the tree-of-life cladogram used by your textbook It varies in some minor ways, mostly additions. It shows “uncertainty” as a multifurcation.