Community Interactions - such as, competition, predation, and symbiosis can powerfully affect an ecosystem.

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Presentation transcript:

Community Interactions - such as, competition, predation, and symbiosis can powerfully affect an ecosystem

Every morning in Africa

A gazelle wakes up & “knows”

It must run faster that the fastest lion

Or it will be killed.

Every morning, a lion wakes up & “knows”

It must outrun the slowest gazelle

Or it will starve to death

It doesn’t matter whether you are a lion or a gazelle

When the sun comes up,

You better be running …

Competition: Occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time

Things that reduce competition - being active at different times of the day - establishing territories - establishing hierarchies - requiring different resources at different times of the life cycle

Predation: Hunter & hunted Predator - prey

Predator and Prey Adaptations

- Camouflage (cryptic coloration)

Marked with bright or contrasting colors as a warning that the animal is venomous or noxious. - Warning coloration

- Distasteful

- Horns for protection - Hooves for running fast

- Deceptive markings (eyespots)

- Sharp Hearing

Example: Monarch & Viceroy - Mimicry

- Sting - Poisonous

- Offensive Odors / Repellant Chemicals

- Ability to run fast

- Sharp horns - Sharp tearing teeth

- Claws for piercing

Lynx & hare

Predator – prey graph

Cat and Deer

Rabbit vs. Snake

Symbiosis: Mutualism – both species benefit from the relationship

Rhino & Oxpecker

Lichen = alga & fungus

Rhizobium legume Rhizobium (nitrogen fixing bacteria) & legume nodules

E. coli E. coli & human gut

Commensalism – one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed (a one-way relationship)

Clownfish & Sea Anemones

Shark & Remora

Spanish moss growing on trees

Parasitism  – one organism benefits and the other is harmed

Endoparasites Tapeworms

Ectoparasites Caterpillar & wasp larvae

Mosquito

Leeches

Ticks & mammals