Date: AD Name Means: Temple of ‘All Gods’ Location: Campus Martius, Rome Inscription: On the entablature. “Marcus Agrippa son of Lucius consul for the 3 rd time built this”. This refers to the builder of the original Pantheon, during Augustus’ time, which burned down. Builder Hadrian was responsible for this (each brick stamped with his monogram) Height and Width of the Dome: 43.2m – a perfect sphere with 9m oculus at the top THE PANTHEON

Exterior Design Porch : deep porch – guilded bronze roof originally Vestibule: structurally necessary to butress the rotunda Rotunda: 3 layers of cornices, dome starting at 2 nd cornice A Major Problem with this Design: The Weight of the massive domed Rotunda One way of solving this: Using lighter materials towards the top of the dome Top of Dome PumiceLighter Materials Brick and Pumice Brick Tufa and Brick Travertine and Tufa Foundations (4.5m deep) Travertine (Limestone) Heavier Materials

OTHER WEIGHT REDUCTION TECHNIQUES The Vestibule – buttressed the Rotunda for added strength Internal arches in the rotunda wall distributed weight evenly. NB three cornices. Outside walls originally covered with stucco Massive concrete and brick ring holding dome base Fabric thinning to nothing - oculus Recessed coffers and passageways remove mass Vaulted Alcoves and Niches reduced weight and added strength

The Porch Pediment – would have held relief sculpture Octastyle design – 8 columns across the front. Temple has frontal orientation – only one way to approach and enter Corinthian capitals

Rectangular Pedimented Niches Panels of Marble Veneer Projecting pedimented niches containing statues. Semi-circular alcoves behind Corinthian columns. Coffers Patterned marble floor (with drainholes)

INTERIOR Oculus (eye) Coffers Corinthian capitals on fluted pilasters and columns