Physiological Effects of Nicotine and Ethanol Rebecca B R Milholland

Tobacco Plant Grown for its nicotine containing leaves which are smoked, chewed, or sniffed Nicotiana tobacum

Nicotine Nicotine is an alkaloid found naturally in tobacco plants, tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant and green peppers

Nicotine Nicotine is an alkaloid found naturally in tobacco plants, tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant and green peppers

Motorneuron Muscle Fiber Neuromuscular Junction Neuromuscular System

Motorneuron Muscle Fiber Signal from the Brain Nerve Terminal Neuromuscular System

Motorneuron Muscle Fiber Signal from the Brain Acetylcholine (ACh)

Neuromuscular System Motorneuron Muscle Fiber Signal from the Brain Acetylcholine (ACh)

Neuromuscular System Motorneuron Muscle Fiber Signal from the Brain Nicotine

Nicotinic Syndrome

Nicotine produces tachycardia and blood pressure through its action in the sympathetic nervous system or the “Fight or Flight” system.

Nicotine decreases appetite.

Nicotine’s action on skeletal muscles and the diaphragm to produce paralysis and asphyxiation

Chronic Effects of Nicotine

Chronic administration leads to coronary artery disease and hypertension

Nicotine produces peptic ulcer disease,and esophageal reflux through its influences on the Gastrointestinal tract.

Nicotine enhances learning and memory

Nicotine’s influences in the brain also produces its addictive properties Nicotine enhances learning and memory

Most Likely Avenues for Exposure Tobacco Products Insecticides – Anti-AChE (Acetylcholine Esterase) – nAChR activators (like nicotine)

Alcohol CC H HH H HOH

Factors which Influence Ethanol Movement Though the Body Absorption

Factors which Influence Ethanol Movement Though the Body Absorption Distribution and Solubility – Body Fat Percentage

Dose-Response Curve for Acute CNS Response to Ethanol Dose Response Giddy Labored breathing Unconscious Sleep Deep sleep Death No effect

Chronic CNS Effects of Ethanol Korsacoff’s Syndrome – Loss of short term memory – Due to a Thyamine Defficiency

Ethanol Acetaldehyde NAD NADH Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Ethanol Acetaldehyde Acetate NAD NADH NAD NADH Alcohol Dehydrogenase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase

Ethanol Acetaldehyde Acetate Citric Acid Cycle NAD NADH NAD NADH Alcohol Dehydrogenase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Energy

Ethanol Acetaldehyde Acetate Citric Acid Cycle NAD NADH NAD NADH Alcohol Dehydrogenase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Energy Fatty Liver Fibrosis Cirrosis

Ethanol Acetaldehyde Acetate Citric Acid Cycle NAD NADH NAD NADH Alcohol Dehydrogenase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Energy Fatty Liver Fibrosis Cirrosis P450

Ethanol Interaction with P 450 Acute Administration -  P 450 Chronic Administration -  P 450

Acetominophen Sulfation Glucuronidation Safe Excretion by Kidney and in Bile Detoxication

Acetominophen Sulfation Glucuronidation Safe Excretion by Kidney and in Bile Detoxication Quinoneimine Free Radical Liver and Kidney Damage Activation to a Toxic Metabolite

Acetominophen Sulfation Glucuronidation Safe Excretion by Kidney and in Bile Detoxication Quinoneimine Free Radical Liver and Kidney Damage Activation to a Toxic Metabolite P450

Acetominophen Sulfation Glucuronidation Safe Excretion by Kidney and in Bile Detoxication Quinoneimine Free Radical Liver and Kidney Damage Activation to a Toxic Metabolite P450 Ethanol Induction Of P450 Expression

Other Alcohols Methanol

Other Alcohols Methanol – Induces blindness and death due to formic acid production

Other Alcohols Methanol – Induces blindness and death due to formic acid production Ethylene Glycol

Other Alcohols Methanol – Induces blindness and death due to formic acid production Ethylene Glycol – Kidney damage due to oxalic acid production and crystal formation in the renal tubules

Other Alcohols Methanol – Induces blindness and death due to formic acid production Ethylene Glycol – Kidney damage due to oxalic acid production and crystal formation in the renal tubules Treat Exposures to Both Alcohols with Ethanol!!

Conclusions: Nicotine Acute

Conclusions: Nicotine Acute – Acts at acetylcholine receptor in muscle – Produces asphyxiation and paralysis

Conclusions: Nicotine Acute – Acts at acetylcholine receptor in muscle – Produces asphyxiation and paralysis Chronic

Conclusions: Nicotine Acute – Acts at acetylcholine receptor in muscle – Produces asphyxiation and paralysis Chronic – Acts at acetylcholine receptors in the sympathetic nervous system to coronaroy artery disease and high blood pressure – Acts at acetylcholine receptors in the brain to induce physical addiction.

Conclusions: Ethanol Acute

Conclusions: Ethanol Acute – Fatty Liver – CNS Depression

Conclusions: Ethanol Acute – Fatty Liver – CNS Depression Chronic

Conclusions: Ethanol Acute – Fatty Liver – CNS Depression Chronic – Korsacoff’s Syndrome – Cirrosis of the Liver