Sintoclor cation-anion balance Coated calcium chloride Protected anionic mineral supplement for animal nutrition

APPLICATION OF ANIONIC SALTS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION As factor of electrolytic equilibrium of the organism with particular reference to the cation-anion balance C.A.B. Cation-Anion Balance

Cation-Anion Balance (CAB) When the balance between cation and anion result in a net negative charge blood pH is lowered. To neutralize the lower blood pH caused by negative DCAD, the animal mobilizes buffers including Ca phosphate and bicarbonate from bone. The metabolic manipulation normally leads to lower urine pH. Urinary pH is a good indicator of susceptibility to parturient hypocalcemia and the effectiveness of DCAB adjustment. Using the correct DCAD a urine pH of 6 to 6.5 will be achieved.

C.A.B.

Suggested DCAD (dietary cation-anion difference) values

Mineral content of some feedstuffs (% dm) Acidogenic potency of feedstuffs Mineral content of some feedstuffs (% dm)

Acidogenic potency Quick calculation

Off flavour, risk of rumen acidosis Physiological and sensorial estimation of acid salts Metabolism Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 Metabolic problem Epsom salts MgSO4 Bad absorption Calcium sulphate (gypsum) CaSO4 Calcium chloride CaCl2 Off flavour, risk of rumen acidosis Ammonium chloride NH4Cl

MAIN MINERAL SALTS USED TO BALANCE THE CAB Calcium chloride Magnesium sulphate Ammonium chloride

Acidogenic Substances Double action calcium salt. Relative Potency of Acidogenic Substances CaCl2 Calcium chloride Calcium chloride is one of the best source of anionic salts for transition cows and pre-farrowing sows. Double action calcium salt. Good source of calcium at very low acid-binding capacity and high bio-availability Cl- anion (>90%). It can achieve the correct level of cation-anion balance and in this way the calcium requirements will be met without mineral restriction.

Acidogenic Substances Relative Potency of Acidogenic Substances MgSO4- magnesium sulfate The effectiveness of MgSO4 as an acidifier is arguable. Mg supplementation might be beneficial in cows fed NH4Cl2 if the basal Mg intake is marginal. Ammonium salts may impair Mg utilization, thereby producing a secondary magnesium deficiency. Dietary supplementation with Mg might help prevent this adverse effect of ammonium salts and might also help counteract impairment of magnesium absorption associated with high dietary potassium.

Acidogenic Substances Relative Potency of Acidogenic Substances NH4Cl- ammonium chloride Ammonium chloride is acidogenic because the NH4+ ion dissociates into NH3 and H+, and the NH3 can be converted to urea in the liver. Waste of energy. Ammonium salts may impair Mg utilization thereby producing a secondary magnesium deficiency. Not included in the feed materials list of EU (excluding France only for fattening lamb).

Acidogenic Substances Relative Potency of Acidogenic Substances On the basis of data referred to the acidogenic potency, calcium chloride is the most active but it shows palatability and handling problems during feed production A protection technology is necessary for an efficient use in order to avoid all negative factors

COATED CALCIUM CHLORIDE Why? Negative factors Highly hygroscopic Very soluble Unpalatable Irritation of mucosa Risk of acidosis

(Water Releasing Control) Main target small intestine Technology of protection W.R.C.® (Water Releasing Control) Protection coating Slow release Main target small intestine

products exposed to air, observed under the microscope Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR products exposed to air, observed under the microscope Granular calcium chloride at time 0 SINTOCLOR at time 0

products exposed to air, observed under the microscope Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR products exposed to air, observed under the microscope Granular calcium chloride after 4min SINTOCLOR after 4 min Unlike SINTOCLOR, CaCl2 begins to adsorb humidity already after 4 minutes of exposure to air.

products exposed to air, observed under the microscope Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR products exposed to air, observed under the microscope The granule is translucent, as it is absorbing water Granular calcium chloride after 6 min SINTOCLOR after 6 min Humidity penetrates into the granule of CaCl2, while it remains adhering to the surface of SINTOCLOR without penetrating.

products exposed to air, observed under the microscope Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR products exposed to air, observed under the microscope Granular calcium chloride after 20 min SINTOCLOR after 20 min After 20 minutes of exposure to air the described phenomena continue.

products exposed to air, observed under the microscope Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR products exposed to air, observed under the microscope Granular calcium chloride after 30 min SINTOCLOR after 30 min After 30 minutes of exposure to air CaCl2 is completely surrounded unlike SINTOCLOR, where small water drops are forming only on the surface.

products wet with water, observed under the microscope Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR products wet with water, observed under the microscope Granular calcium chloride at time 0 SINTOCLOR at time 0 Calcium chloride and SINTOCLOR have been placed on a slide, a coffee spoon of water was added and observed under the microscope. Immediately after the contact with water, CaCl2 begins to dissolve while SINTOCLOR remains unaltered.

products wet with water, observed under the microscope Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR products wet with water, observed under the microscope Granular calcium chloride after 1minute SINTOCLOR after 1 minute CaCl2 continues dissolving, causing an increase of water temperature, while SINTOCLOR remains unaltered.

products wet with water, observed under the microscope Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR products wet with water, observed under the microscope Granular calcium chloride after 2minutes SINTOCLOR after 2 minutes CaCl2 continues dissolving, causing an increase of water temperature, while SINTOCLOR remains unaltered.

products wet with water, observed under the microscope Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR products wet with water, observed under the microscope Granular calcium chloride after 5 minutes SINTOCLOR after 5 minutes After 5 minutes CaCl2 has completely dissolved, while SINTOCLOR microgranules only show small water drops at the surface.

Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR SINTOCLOR wet with water, observed under the microscope after 30 minutes The water drop cannot penetrate the granule of SINTOCLOR and remains on the surface

Hygroscopicity: comparison between CaCl2 and SINTOCLOR SINTOCLOR wet with water, observed under the microscope after 120 minutes

(Water Releasing Control) SINTOCLOR W.R.C.® (Water Releasing Control) Advantages Contains a negative (-) 14,000 mEq/Kg DM - DCAD: (Na + K) - (Cl + S) Mixing and pelleting resistant Easier and safer to handle Homogeneous physical presentation (200-1300 microns microgranule) Gradual release of contents in the upper part of the intestine