Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

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Presentation transcript:

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Chapter 2

Atomic Theory and the Structure of the Atom

Democritus Greek era All matter consists of very small, indivisible particles, which he named atomos

Lavoisier Law of conservation of mass

Proust Law of definite proportions

Dalton Law of multiple proportions and the first model of the atom

Concept Review The atoms of elements A (blue) and B (orange) form two compounds shown here. Do these compounds obey the law of multiple proportions? Yes, the ratio of atoms represented by B that combine with A in these two compounds is (2/1):(5/2) or 4:5

Radiation

Cathode Ray Tube Evacuated tube Anode Cathode Battery − + The electric current creates the cathode ray (invisible) which spans the whole length of the tube. Its only visible because of the coating on the inside of the tube Battery

α β ϒ

J.J. Thomson Charge to mass ratio and the Plum-Pudding Model Thomson found the mass to charge ratio of the beam particles to be ~2000 times smaller than that observed for Hydrogen ions. This result suggested that the particles were either extremely highly charged, or were much lighter than the lightest element, Hydrogen.

R.A. Millikan Millikan Oil Drop An atomizer produces fine oil droplets The oil droplets fall through a hole in the first chamber as a stream of tiny droplets X-rays negatively charge the oil droplets An applied voltage on two plates surrounding the oil droplets creates an electric field. The electric force pulls some droplets upward The rate at which the oil droplets are falling and rising between the two charged plates is measured through a microscope

Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment

Bohr Planetary Model

Schrödinger Quantum Mechanical Model

Chadwick The Neutron

Atomic Symbols

Isotopes Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-2 Hydrogen-3

The Periodic Table

Molecules Diatomic HCl CO

Molecules Polyatomic O3 H2O CO2 NH3

Compound Molecular Compound H2O NH3 CO2 HCl CO Binary Molecular Compound

Compound Ionic Compound

Chemical Formulas C2H5 C4H10 Butane Molecular formula Empirical formula Butane C2H5 C4H10

Nomenclature Organic compounds

Nomenclature Inorganic compounds: Ionic Compounds NaCl Mn2O3 sodium chloride Mn2O3 manganese(III) oxide

Nomenclature Inorganic compounds: Binary Molecular Compounds NO2 nitrogen dioxide Greek Prefixes N2O4 dinitrogen tetraoxide

Nomenclature Summary

Nomenclature Inorganic compounds: Acids Anion: chloride Acid: hydrochloric acid Anion: chlorate Acid: chloric acid Anion: chlorite Acid: chlorous acid

Book: Figure 2.15

Nomenclature Inorganic compounds: Bases *Named like ionic compounds; cation followed by anion with “–ide” NaOH Sodium Hydroxide Mg(OH)2 Magnesium Hydroxide

Nomenclature Inorganic compounds: Hydrates CuSO4  5H2O Ionic compound Greek prefix Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate