Ionic Bonding Chapter 6.1

Electron Configuration An elements ability to bond depends on its electron configuration. Specifically, the outermost electrons determine if an atom will react

iClicker Question What is the name of the electrons on the highest energy level. Ground State Electrons Valence Electrons Ionized Electrons Active Electrons Transfer Electrons

Electron Configuration When the highest energy level of an atom is completely filled with electrons, the element is stable and will not react.

iClicker Question Which group on the periodic table has filled outer shells and will not react. Alkali Metals Alkali Earth Metals Transition Metals Halogens Noble Gases

Electron Dot Diagrams An electron dot diagram is a model in which each dot represents a valence electron. The number of valence electrons an element has depends on what group it’s in.

Electron Dot Diagrams H C Ar F Al Cl

iClicker Question How many valence electrons does Chlorine have? 1 2 7 8 17

Electron Dot Diagrams

Ionic Bonding Some elements which do not have a stable outer shell will try to get it by transferring electrons. An element can achieve that by either gaining or losing electrons.

iClicker Question When an atom gets rid of 2 electrons, what is its charge? -2 -1 +1 +2

Formation of Ions When an atom gains or loses an electron, the number of protons is no longer equal to the number of electrons. The charge on the atom is not balanced and it is no longer neutral. An atom that has a positive or negative charge is called an ion.

Ions The charge on an ion is represented by a plus or minus sign next to the elements symbol. Na+

iClicker Question What ion does magnesium form? Mg+2 Mg+1 Mg Mg-1 Mg-2

Anion & Cation An ion which has a negative charge is called an Anion An ion which has a positive charge is called a Cation

iClicker Question Calcium has lost 2 electrons! Which of the following correctly describes the ion created: Anion, -2 Anion, -1 Cation, +2 Cation, +1 Cation, -2

Ionic Bonding Negative and positives are attracted to each other. An anion and a cation will attract each other and form a bond. When two ions form a bond, its called an ionic bond.

Ionic Bond Na Chlorine wants to get an electron… Cl Sodium wants to get rid of an electron… +1 Na Chlorine wants to get an electron… -1 Cl Positive Na is attracted to negative Cl…

Ionic Compound A chemical formula shows the ratio of one element to another in a compound. Element will bond with other elements so they can have a stable electron configuration (full shell).

Ionic Compound Magnesium has 2 valence electrons Chlorine has 7 valence electrons Magnesium cannot be stable by reacting with just 1 chlorine. It must donate 2 electrons and chlorine can only accept 1. Another Chlorine must be present to accept the electron and make a bond.

Ionization Energy Ionization Energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom.

Homework: p. 187 #1-3, 11-13, 15-16, 26, 30 End of Chapter 6.1

Covalent Bonding Chapter 6.2

iClicker Question What ion does Oxygen form? -2 -1 +1 +2

iClicker Question What is the ionic formula for a bond between Calcium and Fluorine? CaF CaF2 Ca2F Ca2F2 Calcium and Fluorine do not bond.

Covalent Bonding In a covalent bond, electrons are shared. A molecule is a group of atoms that are joined together by covalent bonds.

Bonds If only a single pair of electrons are shared between elements, that is a Single Covalent Bond If more than one pair of electrons is shared, a covalent bond may be a double or triple bond.

iClicker Questions Which of the following could make a multiple bond? Chlorine Fluorine Oxygen Bromine They could all make multiple bonds.

iClicker Question Atoms in covalent bonds are called: Compounds Molecules Polar Non-Polar Ionic

Polar Bonds A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally is called a polar covalent bond. When a polar bond forms, the element with the larger attraction has a partial negative charge. The other element in the molecule will have a partial positive charge.

Polar Molecules An entire molecule can be polar if it contains polar bonds or if its shape causes it to be polar.

Polar Molecule Attraction Because polar molecules have a positive and negative end, they tend to have greater attraction to each other. Like magnets, the positive end of a polar molecule lines up with the negative end of another polar molecule.

p. 187 #4-5, 8, 17-19, 27, 34-35 End of 6.2

Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas Chapter 6.3

iClicker Question What ion does Oxygen usually form? O-1 O-2 O+1 O+2 Oxygen doesn’t form an ion

iClicker Question What does the prefix bi mean in the word bicycle? One Two Three Four None of the above

Binary Ionic Compounds A compound made from two elements is called a binary compound

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds In a binary ionic compound, one element is a metal and one is a non-metal. When naming a compound, the name of the metal does not change. When naming a binary ionic compound, the non-metal gets the suffix “-ide”

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds NaCl The metal is sodium, the non-metal is chlorine. Sodium Chloride

iClicker Question Name the following compound: KI Potassium Iodine Potassium Iodide Iodine Potassium Iodide Potassium Iodine Potasside

iClicker Question Name the following compound: Li2O Lilthium Oxygen Bilithium Oxide Lithium Oxide Lithide Oxide Lithide Oxygen

Multiple Ions Some metals have multiple ions, meaning they have more than one ion. A roman numeral is placed after the name of the metal to tell which ion is being used

Metals with Multiple Ions Copper sometimes makes a +1 ion CuCl - Copper (I) Chloride But it can also make a +2 ion CuCl2 - Copper (II) Chloride The roman numeral tells what ion it is.

Polyatomic Ions An ion which is made up of more than two ions is called a polyatomic ion. The prefix “poly-” means many (NH4)+1, (NO3)-1, (OH)-1 are example of polyatomic ions.

Writing Formulas When writing formulas for ionic compounds, the cation always comes first.

iClicker Question What is the correct formula for Calcium Oxide? CaO O2Ca OCa2

iClicker Question What is the difference between compounds and molecules? Compounds are only ionic bonds Compounds do not include ions Molecules are made from isotopes Molecules are made from compounds None of the above are correct

Naming Molecular Formulas A molecule is formed from covalent bonds To name molecules, use a prefix to describe the number of atoms in them

Prefixes for Naming Compounds 1 mono- 2 di- 3 tri- 4 tetra- 5 penta- 6 hexa- 7 hepta- 8 octa- 9 nona- 10 deca-

Naming Molecules To name molecules, simply put the prefix in front of the element name. CO2 – carbon dioxide N2O4 – dinitrogen tetraoxide P3F6 – triphosphorus hexafluoride

iClicker Question What number does the prefix “penta-” stand for? 2 5 7 9 10

Writing Molecular Formula Writing molecular formulas is as easy as reading the prefixes disulfur monoxide – S2O diphosphorus pentaoxide – P2O5

p. 187 #6-7, 20-22, 29, 37 End of 6.3