William Bell Scott, Iron and Coal 1861, Wallington National Trust

Bell Scott visited Stephenson's railway-engine works to see a locomotive wheel being forged to give him his central action. The painting as a whole is a composite showing the Tyneside industries: an Armstrong gun barrel and a shell, as well as a locomotive wheel. The scene is set in a foundry, where men are working near a furnace. Though the main scene is the making of a steel gun barrel, many details hint at progress in the Victorian era.

LOCATING ELEMENTS IN A PICTURE THE TOP PART OF THE PAINTING THE UPPER PART OF THE CANVAS THE BACKGROUND IN THE DISTANCE / BEHIND / BEYOND ON THE LEFT/ ON THE RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE IN THE MIDDLE DISTANCE / GROUND IN THE VERY CENTER OF THE PICTURE IN THE BOTTOM LEFT HAND CORNER IN THE TOP RIGHT HAND CORNER IN THE LOWER PART OF THE PICTURE IN THE FOREGROUND ON EACH SIDE OF THE VANISHING POINT LINES CONVERGE TOWARDS THE SMOKE IN THE FURNACE THE VIEWER’S GAZE IS FIRST ATTRACTED BY THE WHITE SMOKE

MEN AT WORK A HAMMER: UN MARTEAU ROLLED-UP SLEEVES: MANCHES RETROUSSEES LEATHER APRON: TABLIER EN CUIR A METALSMITH: UN FORGERON HEAVE: SOULEVER LIFT: LEVER Photograph of an iron foundry, 1906 How does the painter represent the workers? Do you think his depiction (représentation) is faithful, or true-to- life (fidèle)? Which words would you associate with this scene?

Children Children digging for coal during a miners' strike. Image v02564 © Sheffield Libraries Looking at these two pictures, what can you deduce about the girl’s social background? Which details may help you identify her?

Printed material Before the industrial revolution the printing machines were still hand- operated. Koenig steam press was patented in London in Koenig and his partner sold two of their first models to The Times in 1814, capable of 1,100 impressions per hour. The first edition so printed was on November 28, This invention revolutionized the printed press and made newspapers available to a mass audience, which in turn helped spread literacy. In the bottom right-hand corner, the painter represented two printed document, namely the plan for the steam-powered locomotive engine, and an issue of a printed newspaper.

The warves Harbour: area on the coast, protected by walls, where the ships can shelter Port: town and city with a harbour or harbour Quay: the platform in a harbour where boats come in to load or unload Quayside: the quay and the area around it Docks: part of a harbour where the goods are loaded or where ships are repaired Docklands: area around the docks Warf/ves : area where the boats can be tied and unload. A marina: a harbour with sailing boats A yatching resort: a city with a marina PulleysRopes SailsBarge Traders Merchants RetailersMaritime trade A foreman

The railway Far away in the distance, we can make out a train crossing Robert Stephenson's newly completed High Level bridge. Which changes were brought by the development of the railway? 1825: Stephenson came up with the first steam- powered locomotive 1830 : creation of the Liverpool & Manchester (L&M) railway By 1854 every town of any size in England was connected by rail. Because the distance between the rails was not the same for all the lines for want of standardization, trains made for one line could not use rails on another line, so goods would have to be unloaded and transferred to a new train of the proper gauge. This problem was not completely solved until the 1890's.

W.J.M. Turner, Rain, Steam and Speed, 1844