 Kinesiology is the study of muscular activity and the resulting movement of body parts.  Ergonomics is the study of human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment. This term is also applied to the design of sports equipment

 Orthopedic Surgeon – treats injuries and disorders involving bones, joints, muscles, and tendons.  Rheumatologist – treats disorders that involve the inflammation of connective tissues including muscles.  Neurologist – treats the cause of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function.  Sports Medicine Specialist – treats sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles

 Fibers, fascia, and tendons ◦ Fasciitis – inflammation of a fascia ◦ Tenalgia – pain in a tendon ◦ tendinitis

 Muscles ◦ Adhesions – band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally. May form as the result of injury or surgery. Scar tissue. ◦ Atrophy – weakness and wasting away of muscle tissue. ◦ Myalgia – muscle tenderness or pain ◦ Myolysis – break down or degeneration of muscle tissue ◦ Myositis – inflammation of muscle tissue ◦ Polymyositis – chronic, progressive disease ◦ Myomalacia

◦ Myorrhexis – rupture of a muscle ◦ Myosclerosis ◦ Hernia  Myocele – protrusion of a muscle through its ruptured sheath or fascia  Muscle tone ◦ Atonic-lack of normal muscle tone ◦ Dystonia – condition of abnormal muscle tone ◦ Hypertonia ◦ Hypotonia ◦ Myotonia – delayed relaxation of a muscle after a strong contraction

◦ Spasm – cramp – sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of a muscle or a muscle group. ◦ Spasmodic torticollis-aka wryneck – a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles  Muscle function ◦ Bradykinesia – extreme slowness in movement ◦ Dyskinesia ◦ Hyperkinesia – abnormally increased motor function ◦ Hypokinesia – abnormally decreased motor function ◦ Tardive dyskinesia – side effect of long-term treatment with certain antipsychotic drugs.

 Voluntary muscle movement ◦ Ataxia – inability to coordinate the muscles ◦ Dystaxia – aka partial ataxia – difficulty in controlling voluntary movement, coordination ◦ Contracture – abnormal shortening of muscle tissues ◦ Intermittent claudication – multiple symptoms including cramp like pain of the leg muscles caused by poor circulation.

 Myoclonus ◦ Nocturnal myoclonus – jerking of limbs that may occur normally as a person is falling asleep. ◦ Singultus – hiccups. Spasm of the diaphragm  Myasthenia – muscle weakness ◦ Myasthenia gravis – MG – chronic autoimmune disease in which there is an abnormality in the neuromuscular function causing episodes of muscle weakness.

 Fibromyalgia – FMS – chronic disorder of unknown cause. Characterized by widespread aching pain, tender points, and fatigue.

 Repetitive stress disorders ◦ Ergonomics – the study of human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment.  Overuse injuries  Myofascial damage – tenderness and swelling of the muscles and their surrounding tissues.  Carpal tunnel syndrome – occurs when the tendons passing through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen.

 Epicondylitis – inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow ◦ Lateral – tennis elbow ◦ Medial – golfer’s elbow  Rotator cuff injuries – affect the shoulder ◦ Impingement syndrome ◦ Calcium deposits ◦ Rotator cuff tendinitis  Cervical radiculopathy-nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region  Plantar fasciitis

 Paralysis – loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements.  Plegia – means paralysis ◦ Paraplegia –both legs and lower body ◦ Quadriplegia – all four extremities ◦ Hemiplegia – one side of the body.  Paresis – partial or incomplete paralysis

 Deep tendon reflexes (DTR) – reflex hammer  Electromyography (EMG) – record the strength of muscle contractions  Electroneuromyography – nerve conduction studies  ROM testing  ECG – electrocardiography – heart monitor. Aka EKG

 Rest  Medications  Physical therapy (PT)  Surgery

◦ Fascia  Fasciotomy  Fascioplasty ◦ Tendons  Carpal tunnel release  Tenectomy  Tenodesis-to suture the ends of a tendon to bone  Tenolysis –to free a tendon from adhesions  Tenonectomy - surgical removal of part of tendon  Tenotomy – surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity

◦ Tendons cont  Tenoplasty  Tenorraphy ◦ Muscles  Myectomy – surgical removal of a portion of a muscle  Myoplasty – surgical repair of a muscle  Myorrhaphy – to suture a muscle wound