Biology 364 – Animal Physiology Instructor: Manuela Gardner Textbook: Principles of Animal Physiology Course website (Manuela Gardner): www.zoology.ubc.ca/~gardner

Contact info Manuela Gardner Office: Room 1370, Biological Sciences Bldg. Email: gardner@zoology.ubc.ca Office Hours: Fridays 1200-1300

Biology 364 – Animal Physiology Respiratory System – uptake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide Circulatory System –primary internal transport for substances (eg oxygen & nutrients) and other functions Ion and water regulation – deals with ion and water balance, and nitrogen excretion

Grading and assessment Marking Scheme Problem sets: 30% 1 per section (3 total) These will be representative of questions given on the final exam. Final: Open book/notes - 70%

Animal Physiology - definition “The study of how animals work” – Knut Schmidt-Nielsen Structure and function of various parts - How these parts work together

Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1) Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws Physiological processes are usually regulated Homeostasis – maintenance of internal constancy Phenotype is a product of genotype and its interaction with the environment Genotype – genetic makeup Phenotype – expression of genotype in morphology, physiology, and behavior Phenotypic plasticity – single genotype generates more than one phenotypic outcome depending on environmental conditions Genotype is the product of evolution

Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1) Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws Physical properties of a material are linked to function (e.g., bone) Chemical laws govern molecular interactions (e.g., effects of temperature) Electrical laws describe membrane function, including excitable cells Body size influences biochemical and physical patterns – allometric scaling

Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1) Physiological processes are usually regulated Homeostasis – maintenance of internal constancy How do animals deal with variations in their environment?

Physiological Regulation Conformers (a) Allow internal conditions to change when faced with variations in external conditions (b) Internal environment adjusts to reflect external conditions

Physiological Regulation Moyes and Schulte; Figure 1.4

Physiological Regulation Regulators (a) Maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of the conditions in the external environment (b) Keep internal environment within narrow limits

Physiological Regulation - Homeostasis Maintenance of internal conditions in the face of environmental perturbations Controlled by feedback loops or reflex control pathways Negative feedback loops Positive feedback loops Figure 1.5

Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1) Phenotype is a product of genotype and its interaction with the environment Genotype – genetic makeup Phenotype – morphology, physiology, and behavior Phenotypic plasticity – single genotype generates more than one phenotype depending on environmental conditions

Phenotypic Plasticity Can be irreversible or reversible Irreversible Polyphenism - developmental plasticity Reversible Acclimation - lab Acclimatization – natural environment

Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1) Genotype is the product of evolution Adaptation Change in a population over evolutionary time (i.e. many generations) Trait that confers an increase in reproductive success via natural selection

Physiology and evolution Physiologists attempt to understand and account for diversity of animal body form and strategies that animals use to cope with their environments Two types of questions Proximate cause – How? Ultimate cause – Why?

Biology 364 – Animal Physiology Respiratory System – uptake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide Circulatory System –primary internal transport for substances (eg oxygen & nutrients) and other functions Ion and water regulation – deals with ion and water balance, and nitrogen excretion