The Nonmetal-Nonmetal vs Metal – Nonmetal Bond Covalent and IONIC BONDING The Nonmetal-Nonmetal vs Metal – Nonmetal Bond

Lewis Dot Structures A famous chemist named Lewis invented a symbol to show valence electrons. He used a dot next to the symbol to represent each valence electron. The dots are spread around the 4 sides. Each pair of dots Represents a bond.

Covalent Bonds What is a Covalent Bond? - A covalent bond is a chemical bond resulting from SHARING of electrons between 2 nonmetals. ?

Covalent Bonds can have multiple bonds, so you should be familiar with the following… Single Covalent Bond- chemical bond resulting from sharing of an electron pair between two atoms. H2O Double Covalent Bond- chemical bond resulting from sharing of two electron pairs between two atoms. CO2 Triple Covalent Bond-chemical bond resulting from sharing of three electron pairs between two atoms. N2

Types of Covalent Bonds Two types of colvalent bonds: nonpolar and polar Recall electronegativity (desire for electrons) -see shaded table on ole yeller The electronegativity difference between the two atoms determines whether it is a nonpolar or polar bond. Electronegativity difference: 0 .4 2.0 Nonpolar Polar Ionic

Polar Bonds A nonpolar bond tends to share electrons equally A polar bond means there is a dipole or one pole (end) with a positive charge and one pole (end) with a negative charge, therefore they tend to stick together better since their opposite charges attract. (=)(-) Very strong polar bonds are ionic bonds like NaCl

Covalent Bonds Do NOT have ions or need to Balance Charges They use prefixes to show the number of atoms: Mono- Di- Tri- Tetra- Examples: H2O = dihydrogen monoxide CO2 = carbon dioxide dinitrogen tetraoxide = N2O4 Phosphorus trichloride = PCl3

Pop Quiz: Covalent Bonds: HOT or NOT?

HOT, for sure! If Miley says it’s hot, it’s HOT!

When a metal and nonmetal come together, a pair of electrons acts as a bond and they each become ions.

Ionic Bonding Rules: Metal first, nonmetal second Nonmetal ion becomes ‘ide’ Metal is positive, nonmetal is negative Charges must balance to zero Formula uses a subscript to balance charges Example: MgCl2 ; Na2O; NaCl

The sodium atom and chloride atom bond together as ions and form a new compound.

This is called an ionic bond.

Practice: Sodium and fluorine Barium and iodine lithium and phosphorus Aluminum and oxygen Beryllium and oxygen Calcium and nitrogen

lithium and phosphorus Answers: Sodium and fluorine sodium fluoride NaF Barium and iodine barium iodide BaI2 lithium and phosphorus lithium phosphide Li3P Aluminum and oxygen aluminum oxide Al2O3 Beryllium and sulfur beryllium sulfide BeS Calcium and nitrogen calcium nitride Ca3N2

Solutions When ionic compounds are put in water, they dissolve into ions:

Polyatomic ions: are groups of atoms bonded together with a charge hence the name “poly” “atomic” “ions”. *They behave just like single atom ions. Examples: OH-1 = hydroxide NO3-1 = nitrate PO4-3 = phosphate SO4-2 = sulfate

Practice: Use polyatomic ions just like any other ion; But when you have more than one , use parentheses. barium hydroxide= (Notice parentheses show multiple ions.)

barium hydroxide= Ba OH +2 -1 Ba(OH)2 +2 -1(2) = 0

strontium nitrate =

strontium nitrate = Sr NO3 +2 -1 strontium nitrate = Sr(NO3)2 +2 + -1(2)

lithium phosphate

lithium phosphate = Li PO4 +1 -3 lithium phosphate Li3PO4 +1(3) + -3 = 0

potassium sulfate

potassium sulfate = K SO4 +1 -2 potassium sulfate = K2SO4 +1(2) + -2 = 0

Transition metals: Metals that have more than one possible charge: Cobalt: Co+2, Co+3 Copper: Cu+, Cu+2 Iron: Fe+2, Fe+3 Lead: Pb+2, Pb+4 When writing the names, always use roman numerals to show the charge.

Examples: Cobalt (II) Co+2, Cobalt (III) Co+3 Copper(I), Cu+, or Copper (II), Cu+2 Iron(II) Fe+2, or iron (III), Fe+3 Lead(II), Pb+2, or lead (IV), Pb+4 Each different charged ion behaves completely different than the other! The charges matter!

Practice! Lead (IV) hydroxide

Lead(IV) hydroxide = Pb(OH)4

Copper (II) nitrate

Copper(II) nitrate = Cu(NO3)2 +2 -1

CoPO4

CoPO4 = Cobalt (III) phosphate +3 -3

Fe2(SO4)3

+3 -2 Iron (III) sulfate Fe2(SO4)3

Hydrates Some ionic compounds absorb water molecules into their structures. These are called hydrates. NaCl•2H2O is the symbol for sodium chloride dihydrate. Notice the prefix di- means 2 water molecules. Name these hydrates: MgSO4•5H2O CuCl2•4H2O

Finding Percentage of Water in a Hydrate You can find the percentage of water in a hydrate by dividing the mass of the water by the total mass times 100. Lets take NaCl•2H2O Using the periodic table, the mass of Na=23, Cl=35.5, H2O = 18. Total mass with 2 H20 is 94.4 Water mass (36)/ Total (94.4) x 100 = 38 % water

What are the differences between ionic bonding and covalent bonding What are the differences between ionic bonding and covalent bonding? List them below:

Differences: Ionic Metal , nonmetal-ide Balance charges using subscripts Polyatomic ions use parentheses in multiples Transition metals use roman numerals to show charge

Differences: Covalent Two nonmetals Nonmetal, nonmetal-ide No ions- they share e- Use prefixes Don’t need to balance

Differences: Ionic Metal , nonmetal-ide Balance charges using subscripts Polyatomic ions use parentheses in multiples Transition metals use roman numerals to show charge Covalent Two nonmetals Nonmetal, nonmetal-ide No ions- they share e- Use prefixes Don’t need to balance

Ionic bonds: HOT or NOT?

Definitely HOT Baby!

The End!