Problems, Issues, and Interpretations

In what ways and to what extent did constitutional and social developments between the years 1860 and 1877 amount to a revolution? Use the documents and your knowledge of the period from 1860 to 1877 to answer the question. DBQ

 What is change?  “to make the form, nature, content, future course, etc., of (something) different from what it is or from what it would be if left alone” “Action and reaction, ebb and flow, trial and error, change - this is the rhythm of living. Out of our over-confidence, fear; out of our fear, clearer vision, fresh hope. And out of hope, progress.” --Bruce Barton

 Change/Time  Revolutionary  Dramatic  Significant or Substantial  Moderate  Insignificant  Reactionary  Agents of Change  Person  Deed  Event  War  Law  Group  Government

 Formal Changes: Amendments  13 th amendment  14 th amendment  15 th amendment  Informal Changes: Laws Policies Executive Orders Policies and Practices

 During the Civil War, Congress passed Morrill Act of 1862 Homestead Act of 1862 Conscription Act of 1862 Pacific Railway Act of 1862 National Banking Act of 1863  Executive Naval Order No. 4: Emancipation Proclamation  “That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever, free; and the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of any such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION  Lincoln/Johnson 10% plan Accept 13 th amendment States form new governments  Tennessee, Louisiana, and Arkansas complied

CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION Response to passage of the ”black codes” Response to lenient approach to reconciliation by Presidents Lincoln and Johnson Response to new Democratic state governments Response to anti-black riot and violence Response to the Rise of the Ku Klux Klan

 Wade- Davis Bill  Freedmen’s Bureau  Civil Rights Bill of 1866  Military Reconstruction Act  Support of the ‘radical’ Republicans Southern governments  14 th amendment  Force (KKK) Acts Thaddeus Stevens

 “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and States wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law, which shall abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

 “The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on the account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

 Economic Opportunity Own Land Employment Entrepreneurship  Education Establish schools even colleges Enter professions  Establish own institutions: churches and families  Rights of Americans A Freedmen’s School

 In what ways did Southerners resist the Constitutional and social changes? Was this resistance effective? 5:303:30

DISPUTED ELECTION OF 1877 INFORMAL COMPROMISE  Tilden (Dem) and Hayes (Rep)  185 electoral votes needed to win  Hayes has 165; Tilden has 184  20 votes are in dispute from South Carolina (7), Florida (4), Louisiana (8), and Oregon (1)  Bipartisan Commission established to settle election: 8 Republicans and 7 Democrats  Hayes declared winner  Remove Federal troops from the South  Assist in the construction of a Southern transcontinental railroad  Ignore the 14 th amendment  Help South industrialize