Turkey Link to syllabus Link to WDI Link to Encyclopedia of the Orient

Orhan Pamuk and Sevket Pamuk Link to Orhan Pamuk Link to text version

Link to Turkey Chronology

Link to Map of Ottoman Empire Via Encyclopedia of the Orient

Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent, 1580

Turkey: Major Cities

Istanbul and Surrounding Areas

Turkey Physical Map+

Population Density

Turkey after the Treaty of Sevres (1920)

Number of Industrial Establishments in Izmir (Smyrna) by Nationality of Ownership, 1920 Turkish1,216British13 Greek4,002French &Belgian 10 Armenian28German & Austrian 8 Jewish21American2 Source: Keyder, in Quataert (1994) Manufacturing in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey,

View of the Bosphorus, and Dolmabache Palace Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 165

A Street in Istanbul, ~1870 Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 164

Knife Sharpener, Istanbul ~1865 Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 181

Egg Seller, Istanbul ~1865 Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 99

Palanquin, Istanbul ~1860 Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 184

Haci Bekir-store selling “Turkish Delight” Istanbul ~1890 Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 98

Ritual Ablution at the Suleymaniye Mosque, ~1900 Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 178

Istanbul: Galata Bridge 1890 Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 19

Abdulhammid II Ruled Started out as a reformer, but grew more opposed to change. Described as an autocrat who seldom left the palace. Approved a Constitution in 1877, suspended it in Sultan who was forced from office by the “Young Turks.”

Mustafa Kamal Atatürk Born in area now called Greece Family was middle class; father was a timber merchant. Went to military schools. Vital role against British in Gallipoli campaign sets up government in Ankara. By 1926 he has abolished rivals National Assembly bestows on him title of Ataturk (Father of the Turks) Late 1930s strengthens ties to Britain and France, against Germany and Italy. After his death, Ismet Inonu becomes pres., until 1950.

Mustafa Kamal Atatürk

Atatürk’s Program Regulations that hindered the use of central elements in the Oriental (i.e. non-European) clothing style, Introduction of Latin alphabet, Reduction of the centrality of Islam in Turkish public life, Equality of all citizens regardless of religion, Emancipation of women and mass education The political system had elements from Western democracy, but it was essentially a one-party system. Intended characteristics of the new Turkey: Republicanism Nationalism Populism Statism (State control over the basic means of production, where the banks were used as the administrative body) Secularism Revolutionism

Atatürk’s legacy Military and Politics Military was guarantor of the unity of the country in the 1920s under Ataturk, and continues to support his nationalist, etatist, secular program. The military is not viewed as excessively enriching itself in the role of ultimate guarantor, as indicated by public support of its actions. Military coups in 1960, 1971, 1980, That of 1960 led to the death of the Prime Minister (Menderes). In 1980 there was political unrest due to economic problems, ineffective political parties. In 1997 the action was taken against Erbakan, deemed to be too Islamic.

Suleyman Demirel Born: 1924, into a peasant family. P.M , late 1970s, President Studied engineering. Supported NATO but opposed EU. Forced to resign by military, who were worried about terrorism.

Turgut Ozal P.M President Father was teacher of Islam. Studied mechanical engin., worked at World Bank Protégé of Demirel Pushed for opening up and westernizing the economy. However, there was much inflation and unemployment

Tansu Ciller Born 1946 P.M Ph.D. from U. of Conneticut, where she worked as a researcher. Driven out of office over questions of corruption

Necmettin Erbakan Born: 1926 P.M Professor of Physics, who lived and studied in Germany for many years. Leader of Welfare Party. Sometimes described as an Islamist and a populist. Was forced to resign by pressure from military. Supports entry into EU.

Recep Tayyip Erdogan Born: 1954 P.M. March Born in a town in northern Turkey, into a lower middle class family. Previously mayor of Istanbul, where he had a reputation for honesty. Knows no foreign language, and little economics. 1998: convicted of inciting religious hatred; his acceptability as P.M. was not guaranteed. Said to be charismatic leader. Pushing for entrance to EU.

Abdullah Gul, Click for interview on EuroNews July, 2006interview Born in central Turkey to working class parents. Studied at Istanbul U. Has worked in U.K., speaks decent English. Currently President, and worries many secularists. Has been Foreign Minister and Prime Minister. Takes secondary role to Erdogan in the AKP.

Alcohol ban Source : Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Report: October 4, 2009.

Other Economic Items Most of Turkey’s exports are manufactured goods Large numbers of Turks migrated to Germany and other western European countries as guest workers. Custom’s Union with European Union in 1995 Free Trade Agreement with Israel in Limited FTA’s with Morocco and Syria in Turkey is major intermediary for trade in hydrocarbons.

Distribution of Kurdish People

Abdullah Ocalan Born around 1950, to a peasant family in a small village in southern Turkey. Studied political science at Ankara U. Founder of Kurdish Workers’ Party, PKK. Captured by Turkish Intelligence (in Kenya) in Death sentence commuted to life. The PKK is blamed for ~30,000 deaths since early 1980s.

Kurdish language in Turkey In Turkey in 1938, Kurdish was banned; any public usage was sanctioned and an individual using Kurdish in public could be fined. During this time Kurdish lost ground, bilingualism increased, and very few learned to read or write their language. In 1961, with a new Turkish constitution, Kurdish publications began to appear, often bilingual, but frequently banned as soon as they appeared. Moreover, since 1967 through the late 80s there was a hardening of attitude and a series of laws were promulgated which are intended to repress the use of Kurdish. In 1991, however, the Turkish government declared its intention to legalize the use of Kurdish, and this happened, gradually. Kurds in Turkey who no longer speak their language nevertheless symbolically regard it as proof of their ethnic identity. Source:

Turkey: Real GDP/capita

Turkey: Growth of Real GDP/Capita

Turkey: Real Wages, Source: Pamuk 1995 “Long term trends in urban wages in Turkey, ,” in Schulliers and Zamagni

Turkey: Income Distribution Source: Hansen, page 276

Turkey: Distribution of Land Holdings Source: Hansen page 278

Turkey: Terms of Trade: Source: Hansen (1991)

Turkey: Income levels, by region Source: Hansen page 277

Turkey: Regional GDP/Cap, 1987 Source: Senesen in The Ravages of Neo-Liberalism, page 122

Turkey: Regional GDP/Cap, 1996 Source: Senesen in The Ravages of Neo-Liberalism, page 122

Turkey: Regional Schooling Ratios, 1990

Turkey: Inflation

Turkey Inflation and its Proximate Causes TurkeyDeficit.xls

Turkey: RERs. From Central Bank of Turkey

Turkey: Inflation during 2004 Annual CPI and Target Target Realized ?

Central Bank of Turkey

Privatization in Turkey, to Foreigners, Source: Also, more telecom, banks, airlines, tourism, iron and steel. Total =US$ 10 billion

Europeans Not Keen on Turkey’s EU Bid September 09, 2008 FavourOppose France20%80% Germany24%76% Belgium32%68% Netherlands33%67% Britain43%57% Italy44%56% Spain49%51% 2008 Polling Data Do you personally favour or oppose Turkey’s accession into the European Union (EU)? Source: Angus Reid Polling

Turkey: Population Growth Rate

Turkey: Fertility

Turkey: Infant Mortality

Turkey: Illiteracy Rates

Turkey: Primary Ed

Turkey: Debt Ratios

Turkey: Land Use

Turkey: Agricultural GDP

Turkey: G/GDP

Turkey: Defense

Turkey: Foreign Aid

Ottoman Empire,

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Map of 19 th Century Middle East

Map of MENA

Turkey: Two Estimates of Real Exchange Rates, Source: Central Bank of Turkey

Articles on Turkey and the IMF Tough love for Turkey Brett D Schaefer. The International Economy.The International Economy Washington: May/Jun 2001.Vol.15, Iss. 3May/Jun 2001 The Turkish economic crisis is the first international economic challenge to confront the Bush administration. Turkey plays a pivotal role in advancing US policy goals in the Middle East, Europe and Eurasia. America therefore cannot neglect Turkey and should help it achieve economic stability. TALKING TURKEY: Despite Its Problems, Turkish Military May Save Yilmaz Government to Thwart Islamist Victory Dorsey, James M.. The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. Washington:The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs Sep 30, 1998Sep 30, 1998.Vol.XVII, Iss. 6; pg. 51 Against all odds, [Mesut Yilmaz] has persuaded Turkish business and finance circles -- accustomed to living with an annual inflation rate of 80 to 100 percent -- as well as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that he can reduce inflation to 20 percent by the end of next year. With no guarantee that he will remain in office that long and the specter of elections and increased political instability hanging over the country, that is no small feat.

Kenan Evren President General who came to power in 1980, and won election in 1982

Bulent Ecevit Born:1925 in Istanbul P.M. 1974, , Born into an intellectual family, Schooled in Istanbul, Britain and U.S. Described as a nationalist hostile to Kurds. Invaded northern Cyprus.