How do the functions of the nucleus differ from those of the cell membrane? The nucleus converts food energy while the cell membrane stores minerals and wastes. The nucleus controls the activities of the cell, while the cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell. The nucleus provides support, while the cell membrane converts carbon dioxide and water into food. The nucleus stores food and water, while the cell membrane stores chemicals used by the cell for photosynthesis. Science Starter 2.13&17.15

2. Chloroplasts are organelles that are found in plant cells 2. Chloroplasts are organelles that are found in plant cells. Some plant tissue contain cell with large numbers of chloroplasts, while other tissue contains few chloroplasts. Which type of plant tissue contains cells with many chloroplasts and why? A. Stem B. Root C. Leaf D. Flower

Photosynthesis vs Cellular Respiration

Plant Cell Plants are autotrophs - they make their own food. They use a process of photosynthesis to convert energy from the sun in the form of EMR into glucose. Glucose stores the chemical energy until needed by the plant. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts found in plant cells.

Chloroplasts 2 main parts surrounded by membranes Grana - stacks of Thylakoids “coins” Stroma - aqueous space between the grana

Photosynthesis Converts sunlight energy into food for the plant. Takes place in the chloroplasts Has a light (grana) and dark (stroma) reaction Formula for photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Now what uses the glucose made during photosynthesis? The mitochondria uses glucose (food) to make energy “Food” can be in the form of oxygen, fat, sugar (glucose), or protein

Cell Respiration the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen to make ATP Cellular respiration happens in the mitochondria.

Because cellular respiration occurs when oxygen is present, we call this aerobic respiration.

ENERGY All living organisms need energy to grow, move, and reproduce. We get that energy from sugars like glucose. We change energy stored in food to make ATP (a different form of energy) our bodies can use

What is this stuff and what is it used for? How does this relate to ATP?

Another way of thinking about ATP… ATP = Energy

Where would you find more mitochondria…your hair or your bicep? Some cells, like muscles, are more active & have more mitochondria because they need to make more energy

Equation for Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water and energy (ATP) Hey Look! It’s the opposite of photosynthesis!

Who does cell respiration? Both animals (heterotrophs) and plants (autotrophs) do cellular respiration. If oxygen is not present then a process called fermentation occurs. Who does cell respiration?

Fermentation in animals: If oxygen is not present, lactic acid is formed. This type of respiration is called anaerobic respiration. When you exercise hard, and have trouble breathing you aren’t getting enough oxygen. When there’s no oxygen, lactic acid is formed. Lactic acid is what causes your muscles to hurt or cramp after exercise.

Fermentation in yeast: when oxygen is not present in yeast, alcohol is produced. This type of respiration is still called anaerobic respiration.