Fundamentals of Fluorescence Microscopy E. D. Salmon University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill References: Murphy Book; http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/ Fluorescence; and www.chroma.com

Basic Concept of Absorption and Emission

Common Fluorophores Have Complex Electronic Structures

Excitation and Emission Spectra

Jablonski Diagram

Basic Features of Fluorescence Excitation occurs in 10-15 sec Emission occurs in 10-12 – 10-8 sec Usually broad excitation spectrum w peak Usually broad emission spectrum w peak Stokes shift is separation of Ex. & Em peaks Iem = Iexeclj Photobleaching: Rate depends on Iex ,environment

Fluorophore Parameters Absorption coefficient at peak absorption Quantum efficiency at peak emission Photostability (e.g. fluorescein has 10,000 excitations before bleaching event) Stokes Shift Widths of excitation and emission spectra Fluorescence is polarized: absorption and emission usually for E vector in plane of conjugated bonds

Quantum Yields Compound Solvent Ex. l (nm) Quantum Yield Acridine Orange Ethanol 366 0.46 Benzene Ethanol 248 0.04 Eosin Water 366 0.16 Fluorescein Water 366 0.92 Rhodamine-B Ethanol 535 0.97 Chlorophyl-A Ethanol 644 0.23

Molecular Fluorescent Probes Specific Fluorescent Dyes (e.g. DAPI) Covalently bind fluorescent dye to purified protein Fluorescent Antibodies (e.g immunofluorescent labeling with primary and fluorescent secondary antibodies) Express in cells Green (C,Y,R) Fluorescent Protein (G, C,Y, R-FP) fused to protein of interest

There are Different Fluorescent Molecules for Different Jobs See Molecular Probes Catalog; Sigma Catalog; CloneTech for GFP

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) CloneTech

Multi-Wavelength Fluorescence Imaging

Basic Concept of Epi-Fluorescence Microscopy

Hg-Arc Lamp

Xenon Arc-Lamp Spectra

Arc Lamps for Epi-Fluorescence Lamp Type: XBO 150W/1 XBO 75W/2 HBO 200W/2 HBO 100W/2 HBO 50W/3 Current: DC DC DC DC DC Rate Power (watts): 150 75 200 100 50 Luminous Flux (lumens): 3000 950 10000 2200 1300 Light Intensity (Candella): 300 100 1000 260 150 Avg. Brightness (cd/cm): 15000 40000 40000 170000 90000 Arc Size (w x h in millimeters): 0.50 x 2.20 0.25 x 0.50 0.60 x 2.20 0.25 x 0.25 0.20 x 1.35 Life (Hours): 1200 400 400 200 200

Quartz-Halogen (Tungsten Filament) Lamp Spectra Current

Lasers Have Line Spectra

Ploem-Type Epi-Illuminator

Epi-Fluorescence Microscope

Arc Lamp Housing

Lamp Alignment

Alignment of Arc and Mirror Images at Objective Back Focal Plane (Use Centering-Screen or white Card on Stage W/O Objective)

Filter Cubes

Filter Cubes Are Not Inter-Changeable Between Different Manufactures

Basic Design Features

Exciter and Barrier Filters are Designed to Separate Emission Light from Excitation Light

Problems in Filter Design: Example Absorption and Emission Spectra

The Dichromatic Mirror Further Isolates the Emission Light from the Excitation Light Modern Interference-Reflection filter Design Can Give Sharp Cut-Off with High Transmission Efficiency for the Pass Wavelengths. See web-sites for “Chroma Technology” and “Omega Optical”

Multi-Wavelength Immunofluorescence Microscopy

Fluorophores for Triple-Label

Multiple Band-Pass Filters

Multiple Band-Pass Filters

Choose Wide-Band Emission Filters for Single Fluorophore to Maximize Sensitivity

Chroma Technology Corp Chroma Technology Corp. is an employee- owned company that produces the world's finest optical filters and filter sets. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of optical filters and coatings for applications which require the greatest precision in color separation, optical quality and signal purity. For more about us, see our About Chroma page. Welcome to our new website! This site is under construction, so if you don't find what you need please give us a call at (800) 824-7662. Handbook of Optical Filters for Fluorescence Microscopy: Download a copy of our "Handbook of Optical Filters for Fluorescence Microscopy" in Adobe Acrobat PDF format. www.chroma.com

Multi-Wavelength Immunofluorescence Microscopy

Multi-Wavelength Fluorescence Imaging

Multi-wavelength Fluorescence Imaging

Multi-Wavelength Fluorescence Imaging

Ploem-Type Epi-Illuminator

Parameters for Maximizing Sensitivity Use High Objective NA and Lowest Magnification: Ifl ~ IilNAobj4/Mtot2 Use high efficiency filters Use as few optical components as possible Close Field Diaphragm down as far as possible Buy the newest objective: select for best efficiency Match magnification to camera resolution: MMax = 3*Pixel Size of Detector/Optical Resolution E.g.: 3*7 mm/[0.6 *520nm/1.4] = 91X Reduce Photobleaching Use High Quantum Efficiency Detector in Camera

Reducing Photobleaching For fixed specimens use anti-fade compounds: These reduce oxygen effects 95% glycerol works quite well For live specimens, reduce oxygen with: - Oxyrase - Catalase + glucose + glucose-oxidase

Reducing Photobleaching: Anti-Fade Reagents for Fixed Specimens p-phenylenediamine: The most effective reagent for FITC. Also effective for Rhodamine. Should be adjusted to 0.1% p-phenylenediamine in glycerol/PBS for use. Reagent blackens when subjected to light exposure so it should be stored in a dark place. Skin contact is extremely dangerous.G. D. Johnson & G. M. Araujo (1981) J. Immunol. Methods, 43: 349-350 DABCO (1,4-diazabi-cyclo-2,2,2-octane): Highly effective for FITC. Although its effect is slightly lower than p-phenylenediamine, it is more resistant to light and features a higher level of safety.G. D. Johnson et. al., (1982) J. Immunol. Methods, 55: 231-242. n-propylgallate: The most effective reagent for Rhodamine, also effective for FITC. Should be adjusted to 1% propylgallate in glycerol/PBS for use. H. Giloh & J. W. Sedat (1982), Science, 217: 1252-12552. mercapto-ethylamine: Used to observe chromosome and DNA specimens stained with propidium iodide, acridine orange, or Chromomysin A3. Should be adjusted to 0.1mM 2-mercaptotheylamine in Tris-EDTAS. Fujita & T. Minamikawa (1990), Experimental Medicine, 8: 75-82

Use High Quantum Efficiency Camera Detector: e.g. ORCA cooled CCD

Cdc20 Persists At Kinetochores Throughout Mitosis and Exhibits Fast Kinetics: FRAP t1/2 = [4 sec (attached) 25 sec (unattached] Green: GFP-Cdc20 At Kinetochores Red: Phase Contrast Images of PtK1 Tissue Cells