NATS 101 Lecture 9 Atmospheric Moisture

Hydrological Cycle 85% of water vapor in atmosphere evaporates from oceans. About 50% of precipitation that falls over land is runoff, and the other 50% is transpired/evaporated. Water vapor molecules reside in atmosphere for one week. Ahrens Fig % 15% 50% Ultimate source of all fresh water

Humid Air Humid air is a mixture of molecules that make up dry air (mostly N 2 and O 2 ) and lighter water vapor (H 2 O) molecules. partial pressure, vapor pressure.Each type of molecule contributes a fraction of total air pressure, or a partial pressure, proportional to the number molecules per unit volume. The partial pressure of water vapor is termed the vapor pressure.

Saturation Vapor Pressure saturation vapor pressureThe partial vapor pressure at which the rate of evaporation equals the rate of condensation in a closed system is called the saturation vapor pressure or SVP. The SVP effectively denotes the maximum water vapor that air the can “hold”. SVP depends strongly on temperature. Vapor pressure and SVP provide a measure of the actual water vapor content and the air’s potential capacity, respectively.

SVP depends on temperature. As temperature increases, more molecules are energetic enough to escape into the air. Concept applies to an ice surface. SVP over ice is lower because water molecules are bonded more tightly to ice. For the temperatures of interest, some water molecules are energetic enough to escape into atmosphere and SVP>0. Williams p62 dry E>C saturated E=C warmed E>C cooled E<C

SVP and Temperature SVP nearly doubles with a 10 o C warming SVP and T Graph Supercooled water droplets can exist to temps of -40 o C For temps below 0 o C, SVP runs 10%-30% lower over ice Ahrens Fig. 4.5

Relative Humidity saturated Air with a RH=100% is said to be saturated. RH depends on air temperature (SVP). RH changes by either changing air’s water vapor content or the air’s temperature.

Relative Humidity The RH for constant water vapor content can fluctuate greatly during the course of the day solely from the temperature changes Ahrens Fig. 4.6

Relative Humidity (Ahrens, Appendix B) Consider air that is saturated at 0 o C Temp VP SVP RH 0 o C6 mb 6 mb100% 10 o C6 mb12 mb 50% 20 o C6 mb23 mb 28% 30 o C6 mb42 mb 14% 40 o C6 mb68 mb 9%

Other Measures of Humidity

Dew Point DP-temperature to which air must be cooled at constant pressure to become saturated. Higher DP  Higher water vapor content. good indicatorDP is a good indicator of the actual water vapor content since air pressures vary very little along the earth’s surface. DP is plotted on surface weather maps. DP depression (Temp-DP) is plotted aloft.

Arizona Dew Point Ranges Vapor PressureDew Point 24 mb 20 o C 12 mb 10 o C 6 mb 0 o C 3 mb-10 o C

dry thermometer Wet Bulb Temp Wet Bulb Temp -Lowest temp to which air can be cooled by evaporation of water into it. Warmer than dew point since moisture is being added to air which raises dew point. Measured with sling psychrometer. Wet Bulb Temperature wet bulb Ahrens, Fig 4.9

Wet Bulb Temperature (Ahrens, Appendix D) Wet bulb temperature lies about 30% of the way from the dew point to the temperature Application-Wet bulb temp gives maximum possible efficiency for a swamp cooler MonthMAX Dew PWet Bulb MonthMAX Dew PWet Bulb June100 o F 37 o F 65 o F July100 o F 63 o F 75 o F

Heat Index Humidity reduces the rate at which sweat evaporates. Thus, the cooling rate is lowered. Tucson Record MAX Rocky Pt Summer July MAX June MAX Ahrens, Fig 4.8

Humid Air is Less Dense Williams, p72

0.5% lighter Williams, p72

Summary: Moisture Water vapor comes from the evaporation of sea water and resides in atmo. for ~1 week. Air has a saturation level for water vapor Saturation level depends on air temperature Humid air is less dense than dry air Water vapor content can be quantified by RH, dew point temp, wet bulb temp

Assignment for Next Lecture Topic - Cloud and Fog Formation Reading - Ahrens pages Problems - 4.3, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15