Public Policy Role in Implementing Intelligent Vehicle Technology Eric Sauck BSE 2009, Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan WISE Intern, SAE International 6 August 2008

Overview Definition of technologies Definition of technologies Motivation Motivation Capability of technologies Capability of technologies Government role Government role Recommendations Recommendations

Intelligent Vehicle Technology? Wikipedia definition: “electronic, electromechanical, and electromagnetic devices - usually silicon micromachined components operating in conjunction with computer controlled devices and radio transceivers to provide precision repeatability functions” Non-traditional features that enhance SAFETY SAFETY MOBILITY MOBILITY COMMUNICATIONS COMMUNICATIONS NOT YET!

Motivation Traffic deaths Traffic deaths 42,000 per year 42,000 per year Cost $236B in 2000 Cost $236B in 2000 Traffic jams Traffic jams +3% lane-miles, +21% VMT from % lane-miles, +21% VMT from $78B in 2005 (4.2B hours, 2.9B gallons) $78B in 2005 (4.2B hours, 2.9B gallons) Environmental impact Environmental impact Efficient driving at MPH Efficient driving at MPH Jams unnecessarily burn fuel Jams unnecessarily burn fuel Sources: National Highway Transportation Safety Administration, Texas Transportation Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

In other words… 88 jumbo jets of people gone every year

In other words… #1 cause of death for ages 2-34 in 2004 #1 cause of death for ages 2-34 in 2004 Total cost is equivalent to $1000 per man, woman, and child in the U.S. every year Total cost is equivalent to $1000 per man, woman, and child in the U.S. every year Source: National Highway Transportation Safety Administration

1. Driver aids warn or intervene Based on own vehicle’s sensors Based on own vehicle’s sensors Current Intelligent Vehicle Tech

Sources: Volvo, Citroën, Popular Science, Toyota, Wards Autoworld Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) Blind Spot Warning (BSW) Lane Departure Warning (LDW) Lane Keep Assist (LKA) Parking Assist Forward Collision Warning (FCW)

1. Driver aids 2. V2V makes vehicle “aware” Based on other vehicles’ actions Based on other vehicles’ actions IEEE p IEEE p ACC + V2V = Cooperative ACC ACC + V2V = Cooperative ACC With 100% CACC, roads can handle 2x the traffic With 100% CACC, roads can handle 2x the traffic Near-term Intelligent Vehicle Tech Source: California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways – UC Berkeley

1. Driver aids 2. V2V 3. VII adds more capability Adds roadside equipment Adds roadside equipment Warnings: red-light, collision, overspeed Warnings: red-light, collision, overspeed Re-routing: weather, traffic, emergencies Re-routing: weather, traffic, emergencies On-board connectivity On-board connectivity Management and tolling Management and tolling Long-term Intelligent Vehicle Tech

What accidents can be affected? Related factor and percent in fatal accidents Current Driver aid + V2V+ VII Failure to keep in proper lane or running off road: 28.5% LDW, LKA Driving too fast for conditions or speeding or racing: 21.3% Under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or medication: 12.7% Inattentive (talking, eating, etc.): 7.9% LDW, FCW Failure to yield right of way: 7.3% BSW Overcorrecting/oversteering: 4.6% (ESC) Failure to obey traffic signs, signals, or officer: 4.2% Swerving due to wind, slippery surface, vehicle/object/person: 3.7% Driving in erratic, reckless, careless, or negligent manner: 3.6% Vision obscured (rain, snow, glare, lights, building, trees, etc.): 2.7% ACC Source: National Highway Transportation Safety Administration

Technical and Human Challenges Technical Technical Develop efficient algorithms Develop efficient algorithms Bring down cost of accurate sensors Bring down cost of accurate sensors Human Human Driver role vs. vehicle role - work in parallel Driver role vs. vehicle role - work in parallel Educate drivers as technology evolves Educate drivers as technology evolves

Government Players Dept. of Transportation Dept. of Transportation Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Dept. of Defense Dept. of Defense Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Dept. of Commerce Dept. of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) State DOTs State DOTs Local road commissions Local road commissions

Government Involved in Development Research Research Prize competitions Prize competitions Technology transfer Technology transfer Pilot projects Pilot projects Incentives for deployment Incentives for deployment

Federal Highway Administration Federal Highway Administration Researching in-vehicle vs. out-of-vehicle warnings Researching in-vehicle vs. out-of-vehicle warnings Research and Innovative Technology Administration Research and Innovative Technology Administration Grants to University Transportation Centers: $76.7M/yr Grants to University Transportation Centers: $76.7M/yr Research Research ›› Prize Competitions ›› Tech Transfer ›› Pilot Projects ›› Incentives for Deployment

Prize Competitions Research ›› Prize Competitions ›› Tech Transfer Pilot Projects ›› Incentives for Deployment DARPA Urban Challenge DARPA Urban Challenge 60 miles, 6 hours, no driver Mock-urban environment Win-win for military, industry, academia Source: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

Capabilities are evolving 2004 (142-mile desert) → 0 of 15 finalists finished 2005 (132-mile desert) → 4 of 23 finalists finished 2007 (60-mile urban) → 6 of 11 finalists finished Source: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

Tech Transfer Research ›› Prize Competitions ›› Tech Transfer ›› Pilot Projects ›› Incentives for Deployment Intelligent Vehicle Technology Transfer Sponsored by Depts. of Defense, Transportation, Commerce Sponsored by Depts. of Defense, Transportation, Commerce Third IVTT in February 2008 Third IVTT in February presentations 20 presentations Networking, plenary, tour of NIST Autonomous Intelligent Vehicle Laboratory Networking, plenary, tour of NIST Autonomous Intelligent Vehicle Laboratory

Pilot Projects Research ›› Prize Competitions ›› Tech Transfer ›› Pilot Projects ›› Incentives for Deployment Phase I: Proof-of-Concept Test (11/2006 to 7/2008) Phase I: Proof-of-Concept Test (11/2006 to 7/2008) Detroit, Michigan - 57 sites VII equipped Detroit, Michigan - 57 sites VII equipped Palo Alto, California - 40 sites VII equipped Palo Alto, California - 40 sites VII equipped Phase II: Field Test (12/2007 to 12/2009) Phase II: Field Test (12/2007 to 12/2009) Other tests in 14 states and 10+ countries Other tests in 14 states and 10+ countries Sources: VII Coalition, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute 16 10

Incentives for Deployment Research ›› Prize Competitions ›› Tech Transfer ›› Pilot Projects ›› Incentives for Deployment Future options for federal government: Incentives for consumer Incentives for consumer Retrofit existing vehicles Retrofit existing vehicles New vehicle options New vehicle options NHTSA star ratings NHTSA star ratings Incentives for state and local governments Incentives for state and local governments FHWA bonus or penalties FHWA bonus or penalties Interstate tolling Interstate tolling

Challenges to come Involving the automotive aftermarket Involving the automotive aftermarket Funding through public/private partnerships Funding through public/private partnerships Safeguarding privacy Safeguarding privacy

Conclusion Safety, Congestion, Efficiency = national priorities Safety, Congestion, Efficiency = national priorities All levels of government and auto manufacturers are sponsoring IV research All levels of government and auto manufacturers are sponsoring IV research Federal government should consider to Federal government should consider to Update NHTSA safety ratings for preventive safety Update NHTSA safety ratings for preventive safety Subsidize vehicle aids and V2V, as in Digital TV transition Subsidize vehicle aids and V2V, as in Digital TV transition Encourage states to adopt unified VII through FHWA Encourage states to adopt unified VII through FHWA Pressure states to reinvest toll funds into highways Pressure states to reinvest toll funds into highways

Questions?