A Short introduction for selected cases from China DR. ZHANG LI, Assistant Professor MA Supervisor Leonzsh@tongji.edu.cn THE COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE & URBAN PLANNING TONGJI UNIVERSITY 2012.01

Shanghai: smooth land, no mountains, only one small hill

A CASE: NOT PRACTICED, BUT COULD BE PRE-DESCRIBED

FAR=0.3

In China: The land ownership and using rights are separated. The land rights belong to government, the property rights belongs to individuals. The land law: permit local government to call back the property rights for common interest The question is “what is for common interest”? ”how much could the property owner get?” Our government has strong power to develop the lands. The government pulls down 1000 m2 buildings and then build up 2000 m2 buildings. By that way, local government earn and reinvest to infrastrucure. FAR=3.0

THIS IS THE FUTURE OF URBAN VILLAGE

CASE 2 IN GUANGZHOU How can this redevelopment practice if no government invest? How is about the community life in this site? Fire Security? Sunshine? Fresh air? Landscape? NOW FAR=5.0 FAR=??

CASE 3 IN SHANGHAI

Sinan Mansions（Hotel）

Site Design Orientation：RECONSIDERING Where is our site? What is the connection to this city? What is the function for our site? What is community life? How much can we improve it? How to make it to practice by design? Is (Are) there any architecture(s) to be worthy to protect? How to mark the site history in your design? Who will use this site and the buildings(architecture)? Think widely, Focus narrowly-----one core Clue for 1 team

CHINA’S URBANIZATION PROCESS（1949-2013） DR. ZHANG LI, Assistant Proffessor MA Supervisor Leonzsh@tongji.edu.cn THE COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE & URBAN PLANNING TONGJI UNIVERSITY 2012.01

World urbanization trends After 1980s, world urbanization mainly happened in non-developed area and Asia, especially in China. world Developed Area Non-Developed Area Asia China 1950 29.1 52.5 18.0 16.8 11.2 1980 39.1 68.8 29.6 26.3 19.4 1985 40.9 70.0 32.3 29.0 23.7 1990 43.0 71.2 35.1 31.9 26.7 1995 44.7 72.2 37.6 34.4 31.3 2000 46.6 73.1 40.2 37.1 36.2 2005 48.6 74.0 42.7 39.7 2007 49.4 74.4 43.8 40.8 44.9 2010 50.6 75.0 45.3 42.5 49.7* 1950-2010 +21.5 +22.5 +27.3 +25.7 +38.5 1950-1980 10 16.3 11.6 9.5 8.2 1980-2010 11.5 6.2 15.7 16.2 30.3

Accelarating Chineses Urbanization 1.4 Chinese Urbanization Not shaped up smoothly 1990s 1980s 2010s 1960s 2000s Accelarating Chineses Urbanization

How to understand Chinese Urbanization

1949-1957: migrate freely 1945-1949：Civil War 1949: The People’s Republic of China was founded New society: people migrate freely As a result: a lot of people migrated into cities and the law-and-order situation in cities went from bad to worse

1949-1957 1949: 542 million population, only 58 million live in cities.10.6% 1957: first Census in China, 647 million population, 100 million live in cities. 15.4% 8 years: 4.8% increase

1958-1967 Spies and etc. ? Aim to kill leader (Mao) 1958: Social control 《PRC Household Registration Ordinance》(1958), the difference (segregation) between urban and rural people shaped Rural people registered in village neigborhood committee Urban people registered in bureau of public security in cities.

1958-1967: Hukou System But, artificial 1958: Great Leap Forward Policy Heavy industry oriented policy, Steelmaking, learn from Soviet Union To prepare the 3rd War The result: disasters for the common people. Authorative information: Three years nature disaster, But, artificial

1958-1967 1960-1962: short of food, grain, flour,rice,etc. extreme scarcity of food, many, many Hungry people from rural area to cities 1963: Agriculture household registration: farmer, None agriculture household registration: urban people Grain supply, Employment, Education, Health care, Marriage, Child registration (follow his(her) mother), etc. Named: HUKOU(户口) Government control: the change ratio, no more than 1.5 ‰ from agri Hukou to Non-agri Hukou. After 1980, 2.5 ‰

Regionalization Migrating Route: an example

1958-1967 1958: 660 million population, 107 million live in cities.16.2% 1967:, 764 million population, 135 million live in cities. 17.7% 10 years: only 0.5% increase

1968-1977: Disorder era 1968: Disorder in the World, Politcs Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King and John F. Kennedy was killed. Soviet Tanks entered Prague, Vietnam war Generation gap between Guys born after war and people underwent War China: the Cultural Revolution The students, do not study again, but walk to street to fight enemy Enemy: intellects, scientists, teachers,

To Promote young intellects to settle down in countryside The real whys: the governments could not supply enough job position for university graduates. Nearly 20 million was promoted to rural area.

1968-1977 1968: 785 million population, 138 million live in cities. 17.62% 1977: 950 million population, 167 million live in cities.17.55% 10 years: no increase

1978-1991： Opening Reform Mao died in 1976, Culture revolution end. 1978: Chinese government decided to reform the planned economy. The young intellects in rural areas: strongly intention to go back to cities. No enough jobs for them.------somewhat disorder in cities. more than 10 million

1978-1991： Opening Reform 1980: township’s registration threshold unfastened, the government began to permit rural people move to small towns in case that they supply their grain by themselves, but not by governments. Result: more than 1 million rural people migrated into small towns in 1984. But: towns are different from cities, No great increase for urbanization level. 1980th : private economy began to be permitted. Individual employed people 310,000(1979)，810,000(1980，2610,000(1982),

Policies about population increase cities 1989: 《Urban Planning Law》 issued, confirm the policy: To control the scale of large cities and promote small cities and towns How to control: Household registration the change ratio, no more than 2.5 ‰ from agri Hukou to Non-agri Hukou After 1980, the ratio will be lower in lager cities.

1978-1991 1978: 963 million population, 173 million live in cities.17.9% 1991:, 1158 million population, 319 million live in cities. 27.6% 13 years: 9.7% increase

1992-1999: Economic Revolution 1993: power delivered to local governments, Centralization to decentralization Tax system, before 1993: local governments must turn over fixed tax to the state. After 1993: the local governments share tax with central government, then they have enthusiasm to promote local economic and increase their income from tax. value-added tax, for central government. sales tax and etc. share with central government. Land use rights could be transferred from state to private developers after 1989’s practice in Shenzhen City. Local governments then have a new income source

State owned companies reform Chinese state owned companies have so many supernumeries Dismissed nearly half Then the state owned company recovered their energy and could compete with other companies, even foreign companies.

Many cities and city regions were emerged

1992-1999 1992: 1172 million population, 333 million live in cities.28.5% 1999:, 1258 million population, 443 million live in cities. 35.2% 7 years: 6.7% increase

2000-2011: Glaobalization WTO SIGNED IN 2001 (world trade organization) Global investment Global division of labor China: World Factory Fig: FDI（$100 million)

First 30 migration flows

First 30 migration flows

Population, Migration

The number of cities from 1949-2010 million   >2 1－2 0.5－1 0.2－0.5 <0.2 Totel 1949 1 4 7 18 102 132 1952 2 5 8 21 117 153 1958 6 48 108 184 1965 42 95 168 1970 97 177 1978 27 60 93 193 1984 11 31 81 164 295 1989 9 28 116 276 450 1993 10 22 36 160 342 570 2000 13 53 218 352 663 2005 33 85 225 292 656 2010 24 40 87 239 264 654

2000-2010 2000: 1267 million population, 459 million live in cities.36.2% 2010:, 1371 million population, 666 million live in cities. 49.7% 10 years: 13.5% increase

Accelarating Chineses Urbanization Chinese Urbanization Not shaped up smoothly 1990s 1980s 2010s 1960s 2000s Accelarating Chineses Urbanization

Policy Trends To pay more attention to people’s living standard To narrow social inequality To support industry transition from labor-densed to technology-densed.

The end China is not only the biggest manufacture country But also the largest consumption country. China also want to be a creative country like Korea and Japan. In China, you will have many chance to succeed including earning money, self-realization, research etc. Welcome you to study, work and invest in China (Shanghai), you will (not would) win in the near future.

THANK YOU