GHSGT Review Week 1: Cells Cell Transport Chemistry of LIfe

Cells

Cell Theory All living things are made of cells All come from preexisting cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of life

Robert Hooke 1 st saw cells under microscope

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS Example – BACTERIA BACTERIA and NOTHING BUT BACTERIA

Prokaryotic Cells continued Kingdom – EUBACTERIA or ARCHEABACTERIA (these used to be the old single kingdom MONERA) EUBACTERIA are the common bacteria that are found everywhere ARCHEABACTERIA are found only in very hostile environments (hot steam vents, areas with very high or low pH or places that have a high salt content)

EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE A NUCLEUS All:PlantsAnimalsFungiProtista Are examples of organisms that have eukaryotic cells

Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells

Animal Cells Nucleus – The control center of the cell Ribosomes- the site of protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum – a system of transport pathways throughout the cell Golgi (apparatus, body, complex) a stack of flattened sacks, sacks are filled with materials that exit the cell Cell Membrane - also called the PLASMA MEMBRANE –a barrier that keeps the inside in and the outside out. Mitochondria – the powerhouse of the cell – the site of Cellular Respiration

More Animal Cell Organelles Lysosomes – vesicles that contain digestive enzymes – the stomach of the cell. the stomach of the cell. Vacuoles – Water filled sacks – animal cell have many small water vacuoles small water vacuoles Cilia & Flagella – long hair like structures used for locomotion – flagella = one long whip, flagella = one long whip, Cilia = many short - allover the outer surface of the cell Cilia = many short - allover the outer surface of the cell Vesicles – fluid filled sacks that contain various materials

And MORE animal cell organelles Cytoplasm – (cyto=cell; plasm=liquid) the gel in the cell in which the organelles are the organelles are suspended. suspended. Chromosomes – Coiled DNA Nuclear Membrane – separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell – also called,”the from the rest of the cell – also called,”the nuclear envelope” nuclear envelope” Nucleolus- Found inside the nucleus – this produces ribosomes ribosomes

Plant Cells Same as animal, EXCEPT: –Have cell wall – made of CELLULOSE –Have chloroplast (plastid) – contains the photosynthetic pigment called CHLOROPHYLL –Have one LARGE vacuole –Do NOT have centrioles

DAY TWO

Cell Transport and Homeostasis

Homeostasis Maintaining a stable internal environment Examples: maintaining a constant internal body temperature Water regulation

Crossing the Plasma Membrane Passive Transport – does not require energy input on the part of the cell. Active Transport – requires the cell to expend energy

Passive Transport Diffusion – particles moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration examples – smells, water evaporation, Osmosis – water moving across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Active Transport Sodium – Potassium Pump – Endocytosis – (into the cell) phagocytosis – large solid particles are brought into the cell brought into the cell pinocytosis – small or liquid (non-water) particles are brought into the particles are brought into the cell. cell. Exocytosis (out of the cell) materials are released from the cell

Day three

Chemistry of Life

Elements 6 elements in all living things: CPHONS

Water AdhesionCohesionPolarMeniscus

Organic Compounds CarbohydratesLipidsProteins Nucleic Acids

Organic Compounds Carbohydrates – saccharides Lipids – fats and oils Proteins **** –Made of Amino Acids –Enzymes (Catalysts) Nucleic Acids –DNA & RNA

What Do Living Things Do?

Absorb (take in nutrients) ExcreteDigestBiosynthesisSecreteReproduceAdapt Use Energy

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

1. In this process, cells use glucose to produce energy PhotosynthesisHomeostasisRespirationlysosome

2. This describes how our body temperature stays at a safe level. RespirationHeterotrophMitochondrionhomeostasis

3. Which of the following is an autotroph? FungiTreeAmoebaGoldfish

4. Which of the following is a heterotroph? WheatHumanDandeliongrass

5. What controls movement in and out of the cell? Cell wall Cytoplasm Cell membrane nucleus

6. The site of photosynthesis is the Cell wall NucleusMitochondrionchloroplast

7. It is where protein synthesis takes place CytoplasmRibosomeNucleuschromosome

8. It controls the movement in and out of the nucleus. Cell membrane Nucleolus Nuclear membrane ribosome

9. It is involved in the breakdown of food in the cell. LysosomeRibosomeVacuoleMitochondrion

10. It is the rigid structure that gives shape to plant cells. Cell wall Endoplasmic reticulum Cell membrane Nuclear membrane

11. Glucose is changed into pyruvic acid during PhotosynthesisGlycolysis Electron transport The Kreb’s Cycle

12. In this process, pyruvic acid and oxygen yield carbon dioxide, water and ATP. PhotosynthesisGlycolysis Electron transport Kreb’s Cycle

13. Two structures found in plant cells and not in animal cells are Mitochondria and chloroplasts Ribosomes and cell walls Cell wall and chloroplasts Cell membrane and cell wall

14. When more water goes into a cell than out of a cell, the solution around the cell is HypertonicHypotonicIsotonicdestroyed

15. Which element is present in all living things? IronCarbonHeliumSodium

16. What is the function of an enzyme in a biochemical reaction? CatalystSolventInhibitornutrient

17. All living things exhibit the following characteristics EXCEPT: Growth and development Response to the environment Respiration of oxygen Transfer of genetic information

18. Which of the following is true of MOST living things? A male and female are required for reproduction All cells of the organism are the same All organisms have cells arranged into tissues The ultimate source of energy for all organisms is the sun.

NEXT WEEK:Heredity Mitosis & Meiosis Transcription, Translation, Replication Punnett Squares, Dominance Genetic Diseases