INTRINSIC MOTIVATION, FLOW & ENJOYMENT Damon Burton University of Idaho

RANK THESE 3 TERMS ON BREADTH ___ Intrinsic Motivation ___ Intrinsic Motivation ___ Flow ___ Flow ___ Enjoyment ___ Enjoyment Which of these is the umbrella term that the other 2 fall underneath? Which of these is the umbrella term that the other 2 fall underneath? Which of these is the narrowest, most specific term? Which of these is the narrowest, most specific term?

INTERNAL MOTIVATION INTERNAL MOTIVATION Enjoyment Intrinsic MotivationExtrinsic Motivation Flow

CONTEXT FOR SPORT ENJOYMENT Enjoyment is one of 5 components of Scanlan et al.’s (1991) Sport Commitment Model Enjoyment is one of 5 components of Scanlan et al.’s (1991) Sport Commitment Model Sport Commitment is a “psychological construct representing the desire and resolve to continue sport participation.” Sport Commitment is a “psychological construct representing the desire and resolve to continue sport participation.”

ORIGIN OF SPORT COMMITMENT MODEL Scanlan et al.’s (1991) Sport Commitment Model was based on Rusbult’s (1983) model for predicting commitment to romantic relationships. Scanlan et al.’s (1991) Sport Commitment Model was based on Rusbult’s (1983) model for predicting commitment to romantic relationships. Rusbult’s model has been successfully adapted to predict commitment to work. Rusbult’s model has been successfully adapted to predict commitment to work.

SPORT COMMITMENT MODEL Sport Enjoyment Sport Enjoyment Involvement Alternatives Involvement Alternatives Personal Investments Personal Investments Involvement Opportunities Involvement Opportunities Social Constraints Social Constraints

SPORT ENJOYMENT DEFINED Enjoyment is “a positive affective response to the sport experience that reflects generalized feelings of pleasure, liking and fun.” Enjoyment is “a positive affective response to the sport experience that reflects generalized feelings of pleasure, liking and fun.” Greater enjoyment should promote enhanced commitment and motivation. Greater enjoyment should promote enhanced commitment and motivation.

INVOLVEMENT ALTERNATIVES DEFINED Involvement Alternatives represent “the attractiveness of the most preferred alternative(s) to continued participation in the current activity.” Involvement Alternatives represent “the attractiveness of the most preferred alternative(s) to continued participation in the current activity.” The more attractive the alternatives, the lower the commitment. The more attractive the alternatives, the lower the commitment.

PERSONAL INVESTMENTS DEFINED Personal Investments are “resources that are put into the activity which cannot be recovered if participation is discontinued.” Personal Investments are “resources that are put into the activity which cannot be recovered if participation is discontinued.” It includes expenditures of time, effort and money. It includes expenditures of time, effort and money. Increasing investments should enhance commitment Increasing investments should enhance commitment

INVOLVEMENT OPPORTUNITIES DEFINED Involvement Opportunities are “valued opportunities that are present only through continued involved in a sport activity.” Involvement Opportunities are “valued opportunities that are present only through continued involved in a sport activity.” Included would be sport mastery, spending time with friends, or chance to obtain extrinsic rewards. Included would be sport mastery, spending time with friends, or chance to obtain extrinsic rewards. Greater involvement opportunities should promote increased commitment. Greater involvement opportunities should promote increased commitment.

SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS DEFINED Social Constraints are “social expectations or norms which create feelings of obligation to remain in the activity.” Social Constraints are “social expectations or norms which create feelings of obligation to remain in the activity.” For example, playing to please parents would be a social constraint. For example, playing to please parents would be a social constraint. Feelings of obligation should lower self- determination, so commitment should be highest when social constraints are low. Feelings of obligation should lower self- determination, so commitment should be highest when social constraints are low.

ENJOYMENT DIMENSIONS Enjoyment can be derived from both intrinsic and extrinsic sources. Enjoyment can be derived from both intrinsic and extrinsic sources. Enjoyment can be a product of both achievement (e.g., goal attainment) and nonachievement (i.e., social affiliation) outcomes. Enjoyment can be a product of both achievement (e.g., goal attainment) and nonachievement (i.e., social affiliation) outcomes. Enjoyment is a great motivator. Enjoyment is a great motivator.

ENJOYMENT MOTIVATIONAL CONSEQUENCES Extensive participation motivation research has shown that kids participate to experience fun and enjoyment. Extensive participation motivation research has shown that kids participate to experience fun and enjoyment. Scanlan & Lewthwaite (1986) found a.70 correlation between wrestlers’ seasonal enjoyment & desire for future participation. Scanlan & Lewthwaite (1986) found a.70 correlation between wrestlers’ seasonal enjoyment & desire for future participation. Scanlan, Stein & Ravizza (1989) revealed that skaters enjoyment enhanced their desire to continue skating, to expend high effort and their perceptions of effort expenditure. Scanlan, Stein & Ravizza (1989) revealed that skaters enjoyment enhanced their desire to continue skating, to expend high effort and their perceptions of effort expenditure.

DR. C’S ENJOYMENT SOURCES  competition/measuring self against others,  development of personal skills  friendships/companionship,  activity itself,  enjoyment of experience/use of skills,  measuring self against own ideals,  prestige/rewards/glamour, and  emotional release.

SPORT ENJOYMENT MODEL

INDUCTIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS PROCESS

SKATER ENJOYMENT RESULTS

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