Chapter 21 Internal, Operational, and Compliance Auditing McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Internal Auditing Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) Purpose of internal auditing: An independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organization’s operations. It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes. Assist member of organization in performing their responsibilities by furnishing them analyses, appraisals, recommendations and counsel Part of organization’s internal control High level control that measures and evaluates effectiveness of other controls 21-2

Certified Internal Auditor Awarded by IIA Certification requirements Bachelor’s degree Pass two-day examination consists of: Internal audit process Internal audit skills Management control and information technology Audit environment Two years work experience in internal auditing or advanced degree with one year 21-3

Major Developments Affecting the Internal Auditing Profession Need for additional assurance about financial information Demand by stock exchanges and SEC for management to assume more responsibility for financial information Need for assurance about the reliability of operational reports Demand for solutions to operational problems Passage of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 Report of the National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting Report of the Blue Ribbon Committee on Audit Effectiveness (1998) Passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 21-4 2 2 2

Knowledge and Skills Needed by Internal Auditors Accounting Auditing Information Systems Economics Law Finance Statistics Taxation 2 2 2

Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance Skills and experience make internal auditors valuable to compliance effort Involvement Document and test controls to support management’s assertion Role can be significant but it is management’s responsibility to ensure organizational compliance Role should not impair objectivity External auditors can rely on work of internal auditors to fulfill responsibilities 21-6

Professional Standards of Internal Auditors—Attribute Standards (1 of 6) Purpose, Authority, and Responsibility Recognition of the definition of internal auditing, the Code of Ethics, and the Standards in the Internal Audit Charter Independence and Objectivity Organizational independence Direct interaction with the board Individual objectivity Impairments to independence and objectivity Proficiency and Due Professional Care Proficiency Due professional care Continuing Professional development 21-7 3 3 3

Professional Standards of Internal Auditors—Attribute Standards (2 of 6) Quality Assurance and Improvement Program Requirements of the quality assurance and improvement program Internal assessments External assessments Reporting on the Quality Program Use of “Conducted in accordance with the Standards” Disclosure of Noncompliance 21-8 3 3 3

Professional Standards of Internal Auditors—Attribute Standards (3 of 6) Manage the Internal Auditing Activity Planning Communication and approval Resource management Policies and procedures Coordination Reporting to the board and senior management External Service Provider and Organizational Responsibility for Internal Auditing 21-9 4 4 4

Professional Standards of Internal Auditors—Attribute Standards (4 of 6) Nature of Work Governance Risk management Control Engagement Planning Planning considerations Engagement objectives Engagement scope Engagement resources allocation Engagement work program 21-10 4 4 4

Professional Standards of Internal Auditors—Attribute Standards (5 of 6) Performing the Engagement Identifying information Analysis and evaluation Documenting information Engagement supervision 21-11 5 5 5

Professional Standards of Internal Auditors—Attribute Standards (6 of 6) Communicating Results Criteria for communicating Quality of communications Errors and omissions Engagement disclosure of noncompliance with the Standards Disseminating results Monitoring Progress Resolution of Senior Management’s Acceptance of Risks 21-12 5 5 5

Operational Audits Focus on the efficiency, effectiveness, and economy of an organization or sub-unit. Comprehensive examination the organization’s systems, controls and performance in areas such as: Purchasing Data processing Receiving Shipping Office services Advertising Engineering 21-13

Operational Audits 21-14 7 7 7

Compliance Auditing Testing and reporting on whether an organization has complied with the requirements of various laws, regulations and agreements SSAE No. 10 provides guidance for examination or agreed-upon procedures but prohibits reviews. 21-15

Attesting to Compliance with Laws and Regulations Applying Agreed-Upon Procedures to Specified Requirements Applying Agreed-Upon Procedures to the Effectiveness of Internal Controls Performing Examinations 21-16 8 8 8

Compliance report Examination report modified when: 1. Material noncompliance with specified requirements. 2. Scope restriction. 3. Involvement of another CPA firm in the examination. 21-17

Auditing and Reporting on Compliance with Laws and Regulations 21-18 9 9 9

Audits in Accordance with GAAS (1 of 2) Design audits to obtain reasonable assurance of detecting material misstatements resulting from violations of laws and regulations with a direct and material effect on line-item amounts in the financial statements Laws and regulations often dictate way funds are spent Financial assistance subject to compliance provisions 21-19

Audits in Accordance with GAAS (2 of 2) Identify laws and regulations (1) discussing laws and regulations with management, program and grant administrators, and government auditors; (2) reviewing state and federal compliance requirement documents; (3) reviewing relevant grant and loan agreements; and (4) reviewing minutes of the legislative body of the governmental organization. Also obtain written representations from management about completeness of laws and regulations 21-20

Audits in Accordance with Government Auditing Standards (GAGAS) GAO issues Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standards (GAGAS) Use in auditing federal entities and organizations that received federal financial assistance Included in publication entitled Government Auditing Standards (Yellow Book) Standards apply only when required by law, regulation or agreement 21-21

Additional Requirements for GAGAS Audits Ethics Audit communications Considering the results of previous audits Noncompliance with provisions of contracts and grant agreements Audit documentation Reporting 21-22

Ethics for GAGAS Audits 1. The public interest—Observing integrity, objectivity, and independence in performing professional services assists the auditors in serving the public interest. 2. Integrity—Public confidence in government is maintained by auditors’ performing professional services with integrity. 3. Objectivity—Objectivity includes being independent in fact and appearance when providing audit and attest services, maintaining an attitude of impartiality, being intellectually honest, and being free from conflicts of interest. Similar to AICPA the Yellow Book contains a conceptual framework for independence. 4. Proper use of government information, resources, and position—These items should be used for official purposes and not for the auditors’ personal gain or otherwise inappropriately. 5. Professional behavior—Auditors should comply with laws and regulations and avoid any conduct that might bring discredit to the auditors’ work. 21-23

Audit Documentation for GAGAS Audits Additional requirements beyond GAAS Before the report is issued, evidence of supervisory review of the work performed that supports findings, conclusions, and recommendations contained in the audit report. Any departures from Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standards and the impact on the audit or the auditors’ conclusions. 21-24

Reporting for GAGAS Audits Independent auditor’s report on financial statements Written report on compliance with laws and regulations and on internal control Describes scope of tests and present findings Separate reports are allowed but reference to other report must be made in final paragraph 21-25

Single Audit Act (1 of 3) Every gov’t dept. used to do its own separate audit (HUD, Interior, FDIC, etc) and gov’t units were being subjected to multiple audits every few weeks; thus, someone got the idea of combining the audits into one. Statutory requirement to test controls over compliance and actual compliance with program requirements OMB Circular A-133 provides specific guidance on compliance issues. This guidance was issued in part because of the scandal at Stanford and other research universities who used gov’t funds to pad their expenses by charging exaggerated overhead rates Applies to states, local governments and nonprofit organizations that expend $500,000 or more within a fiscal year in federal financial assistance

Single Audit Act (2 of 3) A recipient is any organization receiving funding directly from the federal gov’t. A sub-recipient would be an organization who receives funds from a recipient. Example: US Dept of Education sends funds to WA State Dept. of Education (recipient) which then passes funds on the Walla Walla School District (sub-recipient) Example: WWU receives federal funds to do a research project at Rosario Marine Station, which hires Jacques Cousteau’s boat to do research for it. BOTH recipients and sub-recipients must be audited to ensure compliance with regulations

Single Audit Act (3 of 3) Requirements include determining and reporting on: (1) the financial statements are presented fairly in all material respects in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, (2) the schedule of expenditures of federal awards is fairly presented in all material respects in relation to the financial statements taken as a whole, and (3) the entity complied with the provisions of laws, regulations, and contracts or grants that may have a direct and material effect on each major federal financial assistance program.

Major Programs Major federal financial assistance programs Those programs to which the auditor must apply procedures to test for compliance and test the effectiveness of controls Determined by risk-based approach Amount of program’s expenditures Risk of material noncompliance Auditor must test programs that in aggregate equal 50% of total federal expenditures 21-29

Designing Compliance Procedures Concerned with compliance with laws and regulations that could have direct and material effect on each major federal financial assistance program Assess inherent risk and control risk, then design substantive procedures using OMB Circular A-133 compliance supplement Specifies compliance requirements and provides suggested audit procedures 21-30

Specific Requirements (1 of 3) 1. Activities allowed or not allowed. Determine that the organization complies with the specific requirements regarding the activities allowed or not allowed by the program. 2. Allowable costs/cost principles. Determine that the organization complies with federal cost accounting policies applicable to the program. 3. Cash management. Determine that the recipient/sub-recipient followed procedures to minimize the time elapsing between the transfer of funds from the U.S. Treasury, or pass-through entity, and their disbursement. 4. Davis-Bacon Act. Determine that wages paid are not less than those established for the locality of the project (prevailing wage rates) by the Department of Labor. 5. Eligibility. Determine that individuals or groups of individuals that are being provided goods or services under a program are eligible for participation in and for the levels of assistance received under that program. 21-31

Specific Requirements (2 of 3) 6. Equipment and real property management. Determine that the organization safeguards and maintains equipment purchased with federal assistance and uses the equipment for appropriate purposes. 7. Matching, level of effort, earmarking. Determine that the organization contributes the appropriate amount of its own resources to the program. 8. Period of availability of federal funds. Determine that federal funds were spent or obligated within the period of availability. 9. Procurement and suspension and debarment. Determine that the organization uses appropriate policies for purchases with federal funds, and that the organization does not contract with vendors that are suspended or debarred 10. Program income. Determine whether program income is correctly recorded and used in accordance with the program requirements. 11. Real property acquisition and relocation assistance. Determine that the organization complied with property acquisition, appraisal, negotiation, and residential relocation requirements. 21-32

Specific Requirements (3 of 3) 12. Reporting. Determine that the organization has complied with prescribed reporting requirements. 13. Sub-recipient monitoring. Determine whether recipients monitor the compliance of sub-recipients. 14. Special tests and provisions. Determine that the organization complies with other significant specific requirements that apply to the program. 21-33

Evaluate Results Consider Frequency of noncompliance Whether it results in material amount of questioned costs - expenditure that the auditor questions on the grounds that it does not meet the criteria for allow ability, program eligibility, or other requirements or is not adequately supported with documentation Consider actual amounts and projected amounts from samples Must report all questioned costs that exceed $10,000 21-34

Report • Whether the schedule of expenditures of federal awards is fairly presented in all material respects in relation to the financial statements taken as a whole. • Whether the entity complied with the provisions of laws, regulations, and contracts or grants that may have a direct and material effect on each major federal financial assistance program. • The work performed on internal control relating to major federal financial assistance programs. 21-35