Protozoans

Protozoan Groups Apicomplexans Amebas Ciliates Fig. 11.CO Flagellates

Protozoan Taxonomy Morphological taxonomy Molecular taxonomy Phylum sarcomastigophora Subphylum mastigophora Flagellates Phytoflagellates Zooflagellates Subphylum sarcodinia Amoebas Foramiferans Radiolarians Phylum Ciliophora Ciliates Phylum Apicomplexa parasitic protozoa Spore forming protozoans Molecular taxonomy Indicate that morphological relationships are tenuous Divergence between phyla of protozoa as great as between kingdoms (ie animalia, fungi and plantae) Revisions are continuously occurring

Newly Revised Protozoan Taxonomy Phylum Chlorophyta algae with chlorophyll Phylum Retortamonada no mitochondria Phylum Euglenozoa euglenoidea kinetoplasta Phylum Apicomplexa Phylum Ciliophora Phylum Dinoflagellata Amebas

Basis of Taxonomy Morphological traits Reproductive modes Flagella Cilia Pseudopodia Shells (tests) Reproductive modes Sexual Asexual Spore formation Distinct reproductive cell forms Cyst formation Characteristic organelles Apical complex Kinetoplast Presence/Absence of mitochondria Presence/absence of chloroplast Trophism Heterotrophic Autotrophic

Flagella & Cilia Fig. 11.3a

Fig. 11.6b Fig. 11.6b

Pseudopodial Movement Fig. 11.4

Amoeba Amoeboid movement Phagocytosis Pseudopodial extension Engulfment of large particles Fig. 11.5

Contractile Vacuoles Osmotic regulation Remove excess metabolic H2O, and HCO3 Remove H2O that enters by osmosis Fig. 11.8

Feeding Fig. 11.9

Examples of Binary Fission – Asexual Reproduction Fig. 11.10

Sexual Reproduction Conjugation Sporogomy Meiotic nuclear division Transfer of portion of genome between partners Sporogomy Formation of sporozoites Formation of gametocytes from sporozoites Fusion of gametocytes to form new generation of sporozoite Gametocytes and sporozoites are present in separate hosts

Cyst Formation Fig. 11.1

Euglenozoa A phytoflagellate Autotrophic Opportunistic heterotroph Fig. 11.14

Free Living Flagellates Fig. 11.12 Pandorina colony

Colonial Flagellates Fig. 11.30 Volvox colony

Cell Specialization in the Colonial Volvacae Fig. 11.13

Examples of Sarcodinians Fig. 11.26

Foraminiferan Tests Fig. 11.27b

Radiolarian Undergoing Binary Fission Fig. 11.29

Dinoflagellates Fig. 11.25

Flagellates Parasitic examples Cyst formers Fig. 11.Fig. 11

Intracellular Parasitic Flagellates Fig. 11.15

Parasitic Kinetoplastids Phylum Euglenozoa Subphylum Kinetoplasta Class Trypanosomatidea Trypanosoma spp Leishmania spp

Immages from links at http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite Trypanosomiasis African sleeping sickness – Eastern hemisphere Trypanosoma brucei Vector – Tsetse Fly - Glossina spp Immages from links at http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite

Trypanosomiasis Chaga’s disease – Western hemisphere Trypanosoma cruzi Vector – assassin bug – Rhodnius spp, Panstrongylus spp and Triatoma spp

Life Cycle of Trypanosoma http://www.genomics.liv.ac.uk/tryps/trypsmovie.html

Leishmaniasis Leishmania spp Vector – sandfly – OW Phlebotomus spp, NW Lutzomyia, Brumptomyia Similar protozoan to Trypanosoma sp Cutaneous and visceral forms of disease

Life Cycle of Leishmania

Apical Organelles of the Apicomplexans Fig. 11.16

Life Cycle of Plasmodium falciparum Fig. 11.17

A Ciliate – Parmecium sp Fig. 11.20

Reproduction in Ciliates – Sexual and Asexual Fission = asexual Fig. 11.23

Conjugation Fig. 11.23a

Conjugation Fig. 11.23c

Conjugation Fig. 11.23e

Reproduction in Ciliates Conjugation Fission Fig. 11.23

Some other Ciliates Fig. 11.24

Symbiotic Relationships Host Symbiont Relationship Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism