FAD Simon J. Kenyon Ross University

Learning Objectives Understand the global context of FADs and their importance Recognize the clinical signs of important FADs Know what to do if you encounter an unusual disease that is possibly and FAD

FAD Myths FADs are a problem for large animal veterinarians FADs look like the pictures USDA/APHIS/VS doesn’t like false alarms It can’t happen to me

Jan - Jan

Some recent cases Screwworm, Sept 2007, Mississippi Avian Influenza HPAI, H5N2 Texas, H7N3 British Columbia Exotic Newcastle Disease 2003 – California, Texas BSE, – imported and US bred cattle Monkey Pox, multi-state, June 2003 Bluetongue – Montana, Wyoming 2007

Monkey Pox Imported Gambian Giant Rat Prairie Dogs Humans

Screwworm Image from “The Gray Book”, University of Georgia

Screwworm Screwworm - Third instar larvae, Cochliomyia hominivorax

Recent Outbreaks Exotic Newcastle Disease – California Moynihan Report on Collaborative Networks, 2005 “On average 40 new employees joined the task force daily”

Opportunities for Veterinarians Initial Accreditation Training Course USDA/APHIS/VS and State Animal Health Depts. Animal Surveillance Emergency Response Teams (ASERT) Purdue’s Graduate Certificate Program in Veterinary Homeland Security

FMD - Cattle

Vesicles or blisters on tongue, dental pad, or teats

FMD

Hogs and other species – vesicles on coronary band

Hog - Vesicle on snout

Clinical Comparisons: Snouts Swine Vesicular Disease Vesicular Stomatitis Foot and Mouth Disease Vesicular Exanthema

FMD

Swine Vesicular Disease

Sheep – disease may be very mild

Public Information

FMD Issues Early Diagnosis Time from diagnosis to slaughter Models Vaccination Carcass disposal Societal change

North Carolina Live Animal Shipments Swine Goats Sheep and Lambs Poultry Beef Cattle Dairy Cattle Canada Mexico South America Canada Mexico Live animals are shipped to a total of 27 states, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Canada and South America! Puerto Rico

Diff. Diagnosis of Vesicular Dis. CattleSheepSwineHorse FMDSSSR Vesicular stomatitisSSSS Vesicular Exanthema of Swine RRSR Swine Vesicular Disease RRSR

Airborne Spread? “O Lausanne 1965 ”

National Animal Health Laboratories Network (NAHLN) 2003

Proposed Biosafety Level 4 sites Flora, Mississippi Athens, Georgia San Antonio, Texas Butner, North Carolina Manhattan, Kansas

African Horse Sickness

Low Pathogenicity (LPAI) High Pathogenicity (HPAI) Avian influenza Natural Host: Waterfowl (ducks, geese etc.) Domestic species affected –Chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, guinea fowl, quail and pheasant –Some pet birds

16 H (hemagglutinin antigens) and 9 N (neuraminidase antigens) All subtypes can be found in birds, but only subtypes H5 and H7 have caused severe outbreaks of disease in birds Type A Influenza

Avian Influenza

Symptoms of HPAI A lot of birds affected –Dead birds –Very sick birds –Coughing and sneezing –Swollen combs and wattles –Discolored and swollen joints –Diarrhea

Avian Influenza

Cyanotic Comb

Avian Influenza H5N1

H5N1 - WHO mortality stats January

Avian Influenza and the U.S. Could enter as:  A bird disease  A human disease

VVND Edema and hemorrhage of the head esp. eyelids

VVND Hemorrhages in proventriculus

VVND Necrosis of cecal tonsil and Peyer’s patches

African Swine Fever Reddening of ears and skin (non-specific)

African Swine Fever Enlarged dark red or black spleen. Note kidney

African Swine Fever Hemorrhagic gastro-hepatic lymph nodes

African Swine Fever Enlarged, hemorrhagic peri-renal lymph nodes

Hog Cholera Conjunctivitis and exudate at medial canthus

Hog Cholera Tonsillar necrosis

Hog Cholera Splenic infarcts

Hog Cholera Petechial hemorrhages in renal cortex

Rinderpest

BVD

EHD in a cow

Bluetongue EHD

Rinderpest Necrosis of Peyer’s patches

Rinderpest Zebra stripe hemorrhages of colonic mucosa

Peste des Petits Ruminants Zebra stripe hemorrhages of colonic mucosa - goat

Stomatitis-Enteritis Case Definition Ocular Discharge Nasal Discharge And Fever Oral Erosions/Lesions Salivation Corneal Opacity Diarrhea Death Outbreaks of contagious disease exhibiting discharge (ocular and nasal) and any two of the above-mentioned symptoms should be reported as stomatitis-enteritis outbreaks. Note that it is the outbreak that must meet the case definition, not individual animals. The stomatitis-enteritis case definition is used to ensure that all case that could be Rinderpest are investigated

How to Do the Gel Diffusion Test for Rinderpest

Rinderpest 1980’s Rinderpest 2003

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Cutaneous lymphosarcoma

Lumpy Skin Disease

Lumpy skin disease massive lymphadenopathy and edema of the forelimb is common

Lumpy Skin Disease

From: The Gray Book Sheep pox lesions on underside of tail of a sheep

Recovered case of lumpy skin disease. The scars are called “sitfasts”