Chapter 18 Sports Skills

Chapter Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to 1. Measure sport skills 2. State how sports skills tests may be used in physical education. 3. Describe responsibilities after the measurement of sports skills. 4. Locate and select individual, dual, and team sports skills tests.

Sports Skills Tests Selection of sports skills tests should be based on criteria described in chapter 5. Test items measure only one aspect of sport. May be best to develop localized norms. Tests presented in text are grouped under particular sports; may be placed into four groups.

Grouping of Sports Skills Tests Accuracy-based tests Throwing, serving, striking, or kicking an object toward a target for accuracy Examples – throwing a baseball or football, shooting a basketball, serving a tennis ball, and kicking a soccer ball

Grouping of Sports Skills Tests Repetitive-performance tests (also called wall volley tests) Continuous performance of an activity for a specified time period; performer required to stroke, pass, throw, or kick an object at a wall for a specified time period; number of successful trials is measurement Examples – basketball passes, volleyball volleys, soccer kicks, and racket sports strokes

Grouping of Sports Skills Tests 3. Total body movement tests (also called speed tests) Test performer moves the whole body in a restricted designated area as quickly as possible Examples – basketball and soccer dribbling

Grouping of Sports Skills Tests 4. Distance or power performance Test performer throws, kicks, or strikes an object for maximum displacement or force Examples – baseball or softball throws, golf drives, football punts, and soccer kicks

Why Measure Sports Skills? Achievement Classification Diagnosis Motivation Practice Program Accountability

Why Measure Sports Skills? When testing emphasize form and technique. May use checklist, rating chart, analytical, and holistic rubrics.

Responsibilities after Measurement Related to purposes of measurement If for achievement and grading, should have grading scale (norm-referenced or criteria-referenced) If classification, must determine scores for group placement If diagnostic, provide guidance for improvement of weaknesses and increase strengths

Responsibilities after Measurement If motivation, emphasize positive aspects and provide challenges for improvement Never allow program accountability to be only reason for testing

AAHPER Archery Test Test objective. To measure archery skill. Age level. Twelve through eighteen. Face validity; no reliability coefficient provided. Two ends of six arrows (total of twelve) are shot at distances of 10, 20, and 30 yard for boys and 10 and 20 yards for girls.

Badminton – French Short-Serve Test Test objective. To measure the ability to serve accurately with a low and short placement (degree of serving skill should be developed before the test is administered). Age level. Junior high through college. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Serve must pass between rope (20 inches above net) and net and land in target area. Figure 18.1 shows court markings.

Badminton – Scott and French Long-Serve Test Test objective. To measure the accuracy of the long serve. Age level. High school through college-age. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Serve must pass over a rope 14 feet from and parallel to net at a height of 8 feet into target area. Figure 18.2 shows court markings.

Badminton – Poole Forehand Clear Test Test objective. To measure the ability to hit the forehand clear from the backcourt, high and deep into the opponent’s court. Age level. High school through college-age. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Figure 18.3 shows scoring zones.

Golf – Clevett’s Putting Test Test objective. To measure general golf putting ability. Age level. Junior high through college-age. Validity and reliability not reported. Figure 18.4 shows markings on smooth carpet.

The Green Golf Test Test objective. To measure the golf skills of putting, chipping, pitch shot, and approach shot. Age level. Originally designed for college. students but may be used for individuals younger than college-age. Validity and reliability coefficients reported.

The Green Golf Test Test items Long putt (25 feet) Chip shot for 35 feet Pitch shot from 40 yards Middle distance shot (140 yards for males and 110 yards for females)

Indoor Golf Skill Test for Junior High School Boys Test objective. To measure golf skill with the 5-iron. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Figure 18.5 shows target markings; plastic balls are used.

Tyson Handball Test Test objective. To measure essential handball skills. Age level. High school through college-age. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. 30-Second Volley Front-Wall Kill with Dominant Hand (Figure 18.6 shows floor and wall target area.) Back-Wall Kill with Dominant Hand (Figure 18.7 shows floor and wall target area.)

Racquetball Skills Test Test objective. To measure basic racquetball skills. Age level. High school through college-age. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Short Wall Volley Test Long Wall Volley Test

Hewitt’s Revision of the Dyer Backboard Tennis Test Test objective. To classify beginning and advanced tennis players by measuring rallying ability. Age level. High school through college-age. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Three trials of 30 seconds each; average number of times ball can be hit against the wall on or above a line 3 feet high from a distance of 20 feet.

Hewitt Tennis Achievement Test Test objective. To measure the basic tennis skills of the service, forehand drive, and backhand drive. Age level. High school through college-age. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Service Placement (Figure 18.8 shows court markings.) Speed of Service (Figure 18.8 shows court markings.) Forehand and Backhand Drive Tests (Figure 18.9 shows court markings.)

AAHPERD Tennis Skills Test Test Objective. To measure the basic tennis skills of ground strokes (forehand and backhand) and the serve. A volley test is included as an optional item. Age level. Grade 9 through college. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Ground Strokes (Figure 18.10 shows court markings.) Serve (Figure 18.11 shows court markings.) Volley (Figure 18.12 shows court markings.)

AAHPERD Basketball Skills Test Age level. Ten through college-age. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Speed Spot Shooting (Figure 18.13 shows floor markings.) Test objective. To measure skill in rapidly shooting from different positions and, to a limited extent, to measure agility and ball handling.

AAHPERD Basketball Skills Test Passing (Figure 18.14 shows wall markings.) Test objective. To measure skill in chest passing and recovering the ball while moving. Control Dribble (Figure 18.15 shows court markings.) Test objective. To measure ball-handling skill (dribbling) while moving.

AAHPERD Basketball Skills Test Defensive Movement (Figure 18.16 shows court markings.) Test objective. To measure basic defensive-movement skills.

Field Hockey – Chapman Ball Control Test Test objective. To measure the ability to combine quickness in stick movement with ability to control the force that is necessary to move the ball. Age level. High school through college-age. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Figure 18.17 shows the pattern that is placed on the gymnasium floor.

AAHPER Football Skills Test This test includes ten items that measure different football skills. Eight items, which measure skills also used in touch or flag football, are described. Test objective. Each item measures a single basic skill. No validity or reliability coefficients reported. Forward Pass for Distance 50-Yard Dash with Football Forward Pass for Accuracy

AAHPER Football Skills Test Punt for Distance Ball-Changing Zigzag Run (Figure 18.18 shows placement of chairs.) Catching the Forward Pass (Figure 18.19 shows field markings.) Pullout Kickoff

McDonald Soccer Test Test objective. To measure general soccer ability. Age level. High school through college-age. Validity coefficient reported; reliability not reported. Three 30-second trials; number of times the ball can be kicked against the wall (30 feet wide and 11 ½ feet high) from a distance of 9 feet.

Mitchell Soccer Test Test objective. To measure general soccer ability. Age level. Originally designed for fifth- and sixth-grade boys but may be administered to girls and boys in grade 5 through junior high. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Three trials of 20 seconds each; total number of times the ball can be legally kicked against a wall target (4 feet high from base of the wall and 8 feet long) from a distance of 6 feet.

AAHPERD Softball Skills Test Test objective. To measure the basic softball skills of batting, fielding, throwing, and baserunning. Age level. Grade 5 through college. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Batting (figure 18.20 shows field markings) Fielding Ground Balls (Figure 18.21 shows field markings.)

AAHPERD Softball Skills Test Overhand Throwing for Distance and Accuracy (Figure 18.22 shows field markings.) Baserunning

Fielding Grounders – Agility, Speed, and Accuracy Test Test objective. To measure the ability to field grounders, to run to a base, and to throw quickly and accurately to a target. Age level. Originally designed for high school girls but also may be administered to high school boys. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Figure 18.23 shows the floor and wall markings for the test.

Shick Softball Test Battery Test objective. To measure defensive softball skills. Age level. Originally designed for college women, but the test also may be administered to males and females in high school through college. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Repeated Throws Fielding Test Target Test (Figure 18.24 shows the wall and floor target markings.)

Brady Volley Test Test objective. To measure general volleyball playing ability. Age level. College, but the test may also be appropriate for some high school groups. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Test performer volleys the ball within the boundaries of a wall target for 60 seconds.

Brumbach Volleyball Service Test Test objective. To measure the ability to serve the volleyball low and deep into the opponent’s court. Age level. Junior high through college-age. Validity and reliability not reported. Figure 18.25 shows the floor markings and rope placement.

North Carolina State University Volleyball Skills Test Battery Test objective. To measure and evaluate the three basic volleyball skills: serve, forearm pass, and set. Age level. High school through college-age. Content validity assumed; reliability coefficient reported. Serve (Figure 18.26 shows the floor markings.)

North Carolina State University Volleyball Skills Test Battery Forearm Pass (Figure 18.27 shows the court markings and rope placement.) Set (Figure 18.28 shows the court markings and rope placement.)

Russell-Lange Volleyball Test Test objective. To measure volleyball passing ability. Age level. Junior and senior high girls, but the serve item is also appropriate for junior and senior high boys. Validity and reliability coefficients reported. Volley Serve (Figure 18.29 shows the court markings.)