Muscular Quickness Differences in Soccer Goalies and Field Players By: Melissa Bruns

Problem of the Study Do soccer goalies or field players have a greater quickness when measured in the 10 m shuttle run? Do soccer goalies or field players have a greater quickness when measured in the 10 m shuttle run? Goalies move quickly side to side in front of the net responding to shots during a game; field players quickly change directions in response to passing and dribbling throughout a game. Goalies move quickly side to side in front of the net responding to shots during a game; field players quickly change directions in response to passing and dribbling throughout a game.

Thesis Goalies will have a greater quickness than field players when measured in the 10 m shuttle run due to the way in which they must react to a ball during a game. Goalies will have a greater quickness than field players when measured in the 10 m shuttle run due to the way in which they must react to a ball during a game.

Subjects 12 female soccer players 12 female soccer players 4 goalies 4 goalies 8 field players 8 field players NCAA Division III NCAA Division III Manchester College women’s soccer team members Manchester College women’s soccer team members

Delimitations 12 athletes tested 12 athletes tested Trial run times recorded Trial run times recorded Stop watch used to take times Stop watch used to take times Evening hours when subjects were tested Evening hours when subjects were tested

Limitations Small sample size Small sample size Injuries sustained during season Injuries sustained during season Previous major surgeries Previous major surgeries An incomplete warm-up An incomplete warm-up

Assumptions Athletes understood the test to be completed Athletes understood the test to be completed Athletes gave maximal effort Athletes gave maximal effort The stop watch used was an accurate measure of time The stop watch used was an accurate measure of time

Methods Fill out informed consent form Fill out informed consent form Fill out Health Status Questionnaire Fill out Health Status Questionnaire Complete 3 minute jogging warm-up Complete 3 minute jogging warm-up Instructed on how to complete a 10 m shuttle run Instructed on how to complete a 10 m shuttle run

Methods cont. 10 m shuttle run instructions 10 m shuttle run instructions Start at 5 m mark in middle Start at 5 m mark in middle Run to end-line Run to end-line Pick up eraser Pick up eraser Run to other end-line Run to other end-line Set down eraser Set down eraser Run back through middle Run back through middle Complete 2 trial runs Complete 2 trial runs Watch will start with player’s 1 st motion Watch will start with player’s 1 st motion

Methods cont. Time recorded Time recorded Trial run times averaged Trial run times averaged Goalies and field players comprised separate groups Goalies and field players comprised separate groups

Calculations Trial run averages were plugged into a t-test for individual groups Trial run averages were plugged into a t-test for individual groups T obt was found and compared to the t crit value of T obt was found and compared to the t crit value of T crit value was found based upon the 0.05 level of significance for two-tailed tests T crit value was found based upon the 0.05 level of significance for two-tailed tests

Results

Results cont. T obt was found by using the t-Test for individual groups T obt was found by using the t-Test for individual groups The sum of squares (SS) was determined for each group The sum of squares (SS) was determined for each group SS = Σ x2 – (Σx)2 SS = Σ x2 – (Σx)2 n SS 1 = SS 1 = SS 2 = SS 2 = 0.627

Results cont. The SS was used to determine the t obt by The SS was used to determine the t obt by T obt = x 1 – x 2 T obt = x 1 – x 2 SS 1 + SS 2 SS 1 + SS 2 n(n-1) n(n-1) T obt = T obt = 4.221

Discussion Null hypothesis is false Null hypothesis is false Possible reasons: Possible reasons: Players tested Players tested Players did not understand procedure Players did not understand procedure Unspecified lower body injury or illness at time of testing Unspecified lower body injury or illness at time of testing

Discussion Cont. Trial runs times tell: Trial runs times tell: Who understood procedure best Who understood procedure best Who had greatest muscular quickness Who had greatest muscular quickness Who had prior training in quickness activities Who had prior training in quickness activities The amount of playing time received The amount of playing time received

Discussion Cont. Possible reasons results skewed for goalies: Possible reasons results skewed for goalies: During games they dive more than sprint side-to- side During games they dive more than sprint side-to- side Jump more to react to the ball than making quick lunges to each side Jump more to react to the ball than making quick lunges to each side Sprint forward and backwards more than side-to- side to react to balls Sprint forward and backwards more than side-to- side to react to balls

Conclusion Null hypothesis rejected Null hypothesis rejected Need more studies on muscular quickness in soccer goalies versus field players Need more studies on muscular quickness in soccer goalies versus field players Based upon Based upon Level of competition Level of competition Amount of playing time received Amount of playing time received Level of training Level of training Playing background Playing background