Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 1 DON’T TAKE NOTES! ALL THAT FOLLOWS IS IN THE COURSE MATERIALS! The purpose of Appendix B is to statistically analyze a behavioral model relevant to citizen attitudes toward the policy proposals discussed in your term paper. In addition to improving the term paper, Appendix B will be extremely useful in demonstrating a knowledge of statistical modeling to potential employers and/or graduate programs.

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 2 Outside Reading 7 explains how to prepare Appendix B. As you look over the variables in the various datasets discussed over pages 2-15 of Outside Reading 7, think of a model to test. Thus, given the policy proposals you are analyzing, what would be useful to explain (i.e., a dependent variable)?

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 3 After you’ve selected a worthy dependent variable, then look over that particular dataset for logical independent variables to explain variation in the dependent variable. You can only use data in one dataset (can’t “mix and match”). Since the available datasets are not likely to directly address your policy area, you need to be “creative.”

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 4 Notice how this is done in the following statements in Appendix B of the sample term paper. While a person’s opinions about the desirability and willingness to pay for high speed internet service is not necessarily the same as their attitudes towards (and willingness to pay for) the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol on global warming,

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 5 there is reason to think that an analysis of attitudes toward the Kyoto Protocol could be useful in understanding the attitudes of citizens toward high speed internet usage. Most fundamentally, both policy areas involve knowledge of either scientific or technical questions that could be considered “futuristic.”

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 6 Since much of the impact of global warming is likely to occur in the future, a large part of the benefit of the Kyoto Protocol would occur in the future. Similarly, for a significant number of citizens, the internet is something they do not frequently use (at least at the time of the dataset in question).

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 7 For these citizens the benefits of high speed internet access may not be readily apparent. Additionally, many small business owners and employees may not conceive of their business as something that customers from distant places might want to shop if access times were shortened.

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 8 Thus, an important part of the benefit of high speed internet access could be in the future. The preceding was a justification for the dependent variable (attitudes toward the Kyoto Protocol). Now we need to select and justify the independent variables.

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 9 Since many policy attitudes are related to socioeconomic variables (education, income, age, etc.), socioeconomic variables are likely to be useful independent variables. Page 1 of Outside Reading 7 provides the “basic” relationships from the social science literature.

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 10 In economic issues (or issues argued on an economic basis, e.g., the minimum wage, health care) income is typically a good predictor of someone’s opinion.

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 11 The “basic” relationship is that the higher a person’s income the less supportive they will be of liberal economics (using the government to reduce economic inequality and maintain economic security). Alternatively, we could say that the relationship between income and support for economic liberalism is negative.

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 12 In noneconomic issues education is a better predictor of a person’s opinion than income.

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 13 The “basic” relationship is that the higher the level of education an individual has the more liberal their opinions on noneconomic issues (i.e., supporting the freedom to differ on noneconomic issues – e.g., support for gay marriage - civil rights, the right of dissent, rights of the accused, etc.).

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 14 Alternatively, we could say that the relationship between education and noneconomic liberalism is positive. The probable reason for this relationship is that education exposes a person to different ideas and cultures. Greater exposure typically leads to greater tolerance.

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 15 In health and safety questions higher levels of education are associated with a greater sense of delayed gratification (i.e., eating less tasty but more healthy food today for a more healthy future). Thus, those with higher levels of education are more likely to support health and safety regulations (e.g., smoking bans, etc.).

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 16 probit kyoto educ income gender brink hear comph compo Probit regression Number of obs = LR chi2(7) = Prob > chi2 = Log likelihood = Pseudo R2 = kyoto | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] educ | income | 1.74e e e e-06 gender | brink | hear | comph | compo | _cons |

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 17 Pages of Outside Reading 7 explain how to estimate your statistical results. BEFORE you go to the computer lab (either in the Horn Center or SPA-206 – make sure you call SPA- 206 at the phone number in Outside Reading 7 to find out if you’ll have access to it) you need to download the Excel spreadsheet for the dataset you choose. You may not be able to download at the university. ALL DATASETS ARE AT MY WEBSITE UNDER POSC

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 18 Since most of you will be working with survey data, the dependent variable is likely to have too few possible responses to use regression. Therefore, most of you will likely use probit. Read the discussion over pages of Outside Reading 7 carefully. It explains everything you need to do.

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 19 I recommend using the computers in the Horn Center. If you don’t see Stata 11 under programs, look under “Classes” or “Courses” and you should see it. If you don’t, try another computer and/or ask a consultant.

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 20 Horn Center Hours: Monday through Thursday: 7:45A.M. - 11:00P.M Friday: 7:45A.M. - 5:00P.M. Saturday: Closed Sunday: 12:30P.M. - 9:00P.M Closed Easter Sunday – April 24th Phone:

Assignment 12 – Appendix B- 21 Be careful to save the Excel file as a “tab delimited text file” before attempting to read the data file into Stata 11 (the statistical package we’ll use). DUE DATE WILL BE 4/27 NOT 4/25 MOST IMPORTANTLY: START EARLY – DON’T ASSUME EVERYTHING WILL WORK!!! READ OUTSIDE READING 7 VERY CAREFULLY!!!