Hellenic and Hellenistic Greece

Greece and Rome Ancient West Mediterranean-centered Cities and trade Self-government Rise of empire Decline and discontinuity Shared culture (Greco-Roman) Chart: RGH p. 136 2

3

Classical Greece and the Mediterranean basin, 800-500 BCE 4

Acropolis: the highest, most easily defensible part of the polis. 5

Athens 6

Greek Civilization Considered one of the foundational sources of “Western civilization” The source of philosophy, democracy, architectural ideals …yet its transmission to Europe was not direct and unbroken… 7

Chronology of Ancient Greece 2200-1100 BCE Minoan society 1600-1100 BCE Mycenaean society 800-338 BCE Era of the polis 500-479 BCE Persian Wars 431-404 BCE Peloponnesian War 359-336 BCE Reign of Philip of Macedon 336-323 BCE Reign of Alexander of Macedon 8

Greece in the Hellenic Period 7th-3rd BCE- “Before Empire” The Polis (city-state) “one of the wonders of human social organization” “like a hothouse flower, could only thrive under the right conditions” Autonomy (Independence) and Autarky (self-sufficiency) Amateurism vs. Professionalism Political evolution—Athens (democracy) and Sparta (monarchy) Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy Tyranny Democracy 9

Classical Greece and the Mediterranean basin, 800-500 BCE 10

Two approaches to population & social problems: Sparta “closed society” Turned Sparta into a police state Men and women lived a “Spartan lifestyle” Athens “open society” birth of “democracy” emphasis on individualism and wealth from trade 11

The “Spartan” Lifestyle Boys were taken from families to begin military training at 7 They didn’t establish their own households until they were 30 They remained in the military until they were 60 Enslaved “helots” did farming for polis Spartan women were encouraged to be physically fit in order to bear strong sons 12

Athenian “democracy” Debates on issues were public Decisions were made directly by casting lots All “citizens” could speak out at assemblies and vote 13

Democracy How did Athenians define it Democracy How did Athenians define it? “We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as harmless, as worthless” (Pericles) Rights vs. Duty Citizenship—who? Participation – how? Military service-the Phalanx Wealthy subject to special taxes All citizens attended the 40 annual sessions of the Assembly Offices chosen by lot, with no pay Must be ready to serve in any capacity 14

…but “citizens” did NOT include Landless males Slaves [1/3 of population] Women Which meant only 10-15% of the population voted Compared to modern democracies, Athenian democracy was more exclusive and directly participatory 15

Legacies of Greece: Olympic Games Competition and sports were important parts of Greek life Games figured in local and Pan-Hellenic festivals [including at Nemean, Isthmian, Pythian, Olympia Olympic games established 776 BCE [?] 16

17

The Olympics What Greek values did the Olympics reflect? Are the same values still important for us today? Individualism (Humanism) All-around excellence (Arête) Devotion to your polis (Nationalism, Patriotism) Amateur ideal Patriarchy Militaristic values Intellectuality and Art Greek, made in Athens about 367-366 BC Found at Teucheira, Cyrenaica (modern Libya) A prize for a victor at the Athenian games http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/olympics/olympicintro.shtml 18

What happens to Hellenic Greece? Persian Wars 490-460BCE 19

Persia: “The Enemy” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDiUG52ZyHQ 20

Persian Invasion of Greece Two attacks: 490 BCE: Battle of Marathon 480 BCE: Xerxes attacks again Statue of Pheidippides 21

The Persian Wars 500-479 BCE 22

See Pericles’ Funeral Oration (RGH pp. 136-140) But Greece wins! See Pericles’ Funeral Oration (RGH pp. 136-140) 23

Greek naval technology Greek Trireme 170 rowers in tiers 24

“Progress Broke the Polis” Athenian Imperialism Empire Strikes Back! “Progress Broke the Polis” Athenian Imperialism 25

Greek Colonies and Greek Empire 26

Delian League and Peloponnesian War Formed as defensive alliance against Persia As the threat of war waned, became tribute system to Athens / “Athenian Empire” Height of Athen’s “golden age” Resentment against Athens led to Peloponnesian War 27

Peloponnesian Wars (431-404BCE) Athens vs. Sparta Athens Loses, but so does all of Hellenic Greece Why? 'A War Like No Other': Where Hubris Came From New York Times Article, 10/23/05 28

Legacies of Greece Architecture Key themes: balance, harmony, proportion Lincoln Memorial White House 29

Classical (Golden Age of Greece) 5th BCE Pericles Ideals and Values Humanism and Secularism Reason Individualism “Athens among her contemporaries is superior to the report of her” (Pericles) 30

31

The Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David, 1787 32

33

34

Legacies of Greece: Olympic Games Competition and sports were important parts of Greek life Games figured in local and Pan-Hellenic festivals [including at Nemean, Isthmian, Pythian, Olympia Olympic games established 776 BCE [?] 35

Greek religion Zeus Athena Aphrodite & Pan Apollo 36

Diadoumenos of Polykleitos, c. 430 B.C.. National Museum Athens. Lacoon and His Sons, 200 bce. Laocoon Group, by Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes, early 1st cent. BC Hellenistic: real man Hellenic: ideal man 37

In the meanwhile, to the north… Philip II of Macedonia Alexander of Macedonia 38

Mosaic of Battle of Issus The heroic personality of Alexander the Great is apparent in a painting by Philoxenos of Eretria, from about 300 B.C.E., which survives only in this Roman mosaic form. It is believed to be of Alexander's victory over the Persian king, Darius III, in 33 B.C.E. at the Battle of Issus. (National Museum, Naples/Art Resource, NY) 39

Alexander’s Empire 40

Hellenistic Greece Cosmopolis Hellenistic Philosophies—individualistic, mystic Philosophy – Aristotle Science – Archimedes, Euclid, Eratosthenes, Hippocrates Hellenistic Exchange-Greek, ideas, food, trade-blending of Greek and Asian cultures 41

Alexander the Great 42

Alexander the Great’s Empire 43

The Hellenization of Asia 44

The Economy of the Hellenistic World 45

Hellenistic Philosophers Cynics  Diogenes ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries. citizens of the world. live a humble, simple life. Epicurians  Epicurus avoid pain & seek pleasure. all excess leads to pain! politics should be avoided. 46

Hellenistic Philosophers Stoics  Zeno nature is the expansion of divine will. concept of natural law. get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all. true happiness is found in great achievements. 47

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences Scientists / Mathematicians: Aristarchus  heliocentric theory. Euclid  geometry Archimedes  pulley Hellenistic Art: More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art. Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age! 48

49

Eratosthenes’ Map of the World 50