EUROPE - The adventure of discovery CLASSICAL WORLD Founding of Rome 499 BC to 500 AD -600 Classical Greece Persian Empire Roman Republic Celts Roman Britain410 1 the Barbarians Roman Empire475

EUROPE - The adventure of discovery farming communities sprang up in southeast Europe around 6000 BC they had also developed in the north by 4000 BC on Atlantic coasts, they started building mounds, henges & stone circles from around 4000 BC (examples: Stonehenge - Avebury - Carnac)StonehengeAveburyCarnac the oldest of these are in Ireland there are many fine examples in England, Scotland & Brittany leading up to 500 BC, the Celts dominated Europe most advanced civilisations were Mycenae in Greece & Etruscans in ItalyMycenaeEtruscans Europe up to 500 BC The eruption of Santorini & the destruction of the Minoan Civilisation

EUROPE - The adventure of discovery independent ‘city-states’ (‘polis’) grew up surrounding mountains provided protection they built encircling walls and a fort (‘acropolis’) was built on a high place inside Athens & Sparta were the two most important of many each had own customs, laws & forms of government they tended to expand towards Black Sea & Africa they were very competitive with each other they fought hard for freedom, especially against the Persians they were traders, sailors & adventurers also philosophers: influenced many faraway cultures built philosophies based on observation, reason & discussion Classical Greece – 600 to 337 BC LINK 2LINK

EUROPE - The adventure of discovery they triumphed at Battles of Marathon & Salamis around 480BCMarathon from 431 they spent over 25 years fighting each other in the Peloponnesian War Sparta feared the growth of Athenian power, so the city-states never became a united country city-states united to fight off the Persiansthe Persians disunity resulted in invasion by Philip II of Macedonia, father of Alexander the Great They gave us language, architecture, philosophy and democracy ….. Alexander the Greatlanguagearchitecture philosophydemocracy A biography of Alexander the Great Classical Greece – 600 to 337 BC More photos of Ancient Greece The Elgin Marbles The Parthenon one / two / threeonetwothree (the importance of the Battle of Marathon)

sons of freemen went to school girls were taught weaving & household skills by mothers at 6 or 7, boys learned reading, writing, music, dancing & athletics they wrote on wax tablets, using a stick called a ‘stylus’

a new Greek colony is established Inside the city wall will be a marketplace, temples, law courts, houses, workshops and council chambers

EUROPE - AD 1

EUROPE - The adventure of discovery legend has it that Rome was founded by local tribespeople who camped on Rome's 7 hills the people were Sabines and Latins; Romulus was their first King they were influenced by their neighbours the Etruscans and traders from Greece & Carthage the Etruscans, from Etruria, lived in city-states emerging around 800 BC they were farmers, metalworkers, seafarers & traders, and liked music, games & gambling they were greatly influenced by the Greeks and worshipped Greek Gods The Founding of Rome to 509 BC LINK BBC

EUROPE - The adventure of discovery early Rome was ruled by Kings, who formed armies to defend Rome the kings had disputes with the patricians, the leading families the patricians were more representative of a changing, more urbanised Rome they eventually overthrew the monarchy in 509 BC, leading to the Republic this was the first republic in the world The Founding of Rome to 509 BC LINK

EUROPE - The adventure of discovery Rome was run in the 5th century BC by ‘patricians’ (lords, the ruling class) there was a struggle between Patricians and Plebians (ordinary people) this led to the writing of a legal code and the Roman Republic Rome embarked on wars that led to their control of all the Italian peninsular Rome clashed with Carthage over trade in the Mediterranean, leading to the Punic Wars lasting 60 years Rome established new cities, organisation and prosperity, giving conquered peoples Roman citizenship if they cooperated by 44 BC they ruled France, Spain, Europe south of the Danube, Anatolia & Northern Africa The Roman Republic – 509 to 27 BC LINK

EUROPE - The adventure of discovery The Roman Empire – built on military power the sad story of Hannibal & Carthage onetwo

in 100 BC, friction arose between patricians and plebians again power struggles between generals led to civil war in 44 BC, Julius Caesar became Emperor for Life, but alarmed Republicans assassinated him, and the Republic collapsed Romans chose dictatorship to chaos, and Octavian gradually took control under him, trade extended as far as East Africa, India & China the Empire expanded and built roads, towns and cities Emperors relied more on the army than on the people most Emperors chose their successors; some were deposed by soldiers from 100 AD, Rome was ruled by strong Emperors: Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius & Marcus Aurelius by 117 AD, the Empire had grown too large; soldiers could no longer be paid with booty, slaves and land taken from those conquered the last conquests were in Britain, Syria, Palestine & Egypt; most conquered people adapted to Roman life EUROPE - The adventure of discovery The Roman Empire – 27 BC to 475 AD LINK Pompeii

The Romans great builders of antiquity great builders of antiquity The Romans were master bridge- builders, not only for transport of people and goods, but also for water. They built magnificent aquaducts all over their Empire, and some are still in use today.

The Romans great builders of antiquity some famous monuments some famous monuments Fast communications, meaning good roads, were one of the Romans’ greatest assets in the conquest and control of their Empire. Most of their roads were straight, and many of the routes they followed can still be seen to this day.

EUROPE - The adventure of discovery The Roman Empire, 2 nd century AD

EUROPE - The adventure of discovery The Roman Empire – built on military power

EUROPE - The adventure of discovery The Roman Empire – built on military power

EUROPE - The adventure of discovery The Roman Empire – built on military power The Battle of Alesia - 52 BC