To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Chapter Resources Click on one of the following icons to go to that resource. life.msscience.com Image Bank Foldables Standardized Test Practice Chapter Review Questions Chapter Summary

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To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Click on individual thumbnail images to view larger versions. Image Bank

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To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Image Bank Hot Spring

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To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Foldables Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Make the following Foldable to compare and contrast the characteristics of bacteria.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Foldables Fold one sheet of paper lengthwise.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Foldables Fold into thirds.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Foldables Unfold and draw overlapping ovals. Cut the top sheet along the folds.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Foldables Label the ovals as shown.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Foldables As you read the chapter, list the characteristics unique to archaebacteria under the left tab, those unique to eubacteria under the right tab, and those characteristics common to both under the middle tab. Construct a Venn Diagram

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. 1 1 Bacteria can be found almost everywhere. They have one of three basic shapes— coccus, bacillus, or spirillum. What are bacteria? Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that usually reproduce by fission. All bacteria contain DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasm but lack a membrane-bound nucleus. Reviewing Main Ideas

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. 1 1 What are bacteria? Cell shape and structure, how they get food, if they use oxygen, and their waste products can be used to classify eubacteria. Reviewing Main Ideas Most bacteria are consumers, but some can make their own food. Anaerobic bacteria live without oxygen, but aerobic bacteria need oxygen to survive.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. 1 1 What are bacteria? Archaebacteria are bacteria that often exist in extreme conditions, such as near ocean vents or in hot springs. Reviewing Main Ideas Cyanobacteria are producer eubacteria. They are an important source of food and oxygen for some aquatic organisms.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. 2 2 Bacteria in Your Life Some bacteria that live in your body help you stay healthy and survive. Reviewing Main Ideas Most bacteria are helpful. They aid in recycling nutrients, fixing nitrogen, or helping in food production. They even can be used to break down pollutants.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. 2 2 Bacteria in Your Life Reviewing Main Ideas Other bacteria are harmful because they can cause disease in organisms. Pasteurization can prevent the growth of harmful bacteria in food.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Question 1 What would the bacterium in this diagram use a flagellum for? Chapter Review

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Chapter Review Answer Bacteria use flagella to help them move. Some bacteria have more than one flagellum and some have flagella on both ends of the cell.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Question 2 What are two different characteristics that can be used to group eubacteria? Chapter Review Answer Possible answers include: cell shape, the way they obtain food, the type of food they consume, the wastes they produce, the way they move, and whether or not they use oxygen.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Question 3 Some plants, like peanuts and peas, develop nodules on their roots that are filled with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. What do these bacteria do? A. cause disease in the plants B. change nitrogen into a form plants can use C. help the roots take up water D. release nitrogen from plants into the air Chapter Review

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Answer The correct answer is B. It is estimated that nitrogen-fixing bacteria save U.S. farmers millions in fertilizer costs every year. Chapter Review

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Question 4 How can the waste gas methane, produced by some bacteria, be use by humans? Chapter Review Answer Methane can be used as a fuel for heating, cooking, and industry. The amount of methane produced by bacteria in landfills in some cities is so large, that it is collected and burned.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Question 5 The process of pasteurization will _______. A. cause great change to the taste of food. B. kill only harmful bacteria in food. C. produce toxins in food. D. sterilize food. Chapter Review

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Chapter Review Answer The correct answer is B. The heating process of pasteurization kills pathogens and causes only little change to the food’s taste. Besides milk; fruit juices, ice cream, and yogurt can be pasteurized.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Question 1 A Gram’s stain would give you information about what part of this bacterial cell? A. capsule B. cell membrane C. cell wall D. flagellum Standardized Test Practice

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Answer The correct answer is C. The chemicals used in the Gram’s stain cause bacteria to stain purple if they have thick cell walls and pink if they have thinner cell walls. This can be important to know since some antibiotics are more effective against either gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria. Standardized Test Practice

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Question 2 What waste gas is produced by an anaerobic group of archaebacteria that live in swamps, the digestive tract of cattle, and your intestines? A. carbon dioxide B. methane C. nitrogen D. oxygen Standardized Test Practice

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Answer The correct answer is B. Methane producers use carbon dioxide for energy. These archaebacteria are also used in sewage treatment to break down waste material. Standardized Test Practice

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Question 3 Standardized Test Practice Bacteria #1 grew only at the top of the nutrient mixture while in the second tube bacteria #2 grew only in the bottom of the tube. This growth gives you information about what characteristic of these two organisms?

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. A. bacteria #1 are an aerobe and #2 is an anaerobe B. bacteria #1 are cocci and #2 are bacilli C. bacteria #1 are lighter than #2 D. bacteria #1 are a producer and #2 is a consumer Standardized Test Practice

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Answer The correct answer is A. Bacteria #1 grew only at the top of the tube where oxygen was present while #2 grew only at the bottom where there was no oxygen. Standardized Test Practice

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice Question 4 Paper disks containing three different antibiotics were placed on a plate on which bacteria were growing. Clear areas where bacteria did not grow were seen around each disk. Which is most likely true concerning these results?

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice Antibiotic on disk Diameter of clear area around disk Penicillin35 mm Streptomycin15 mm Neomycin22 mm Polymyxin BNo clearing A. All of the antibiotics were effective against the bacteria. B. None of these antibiotics were effective against the bacteria.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice C. Only Polymyxin B was effective against the bacteria. D. Penicillin was most effective against the bacteria. Antibiotic on disk Diameter of clear area around disk Penicillin35 mm Streptomycin15 mm Neomycin22 mm Polymyxin BNo clearing

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Standardized Test Practice Answer The correct answer is D. The greater the diameter of the clearing around a disk, the more effective an antibiotic is in stopping the growth of the bacteria. Penicillin works by preventing bacteria from making cells walls.

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Question 5 Ben had a container of strawberry yogurt for breakfast. How were bacteria involved in Ben’s breakfast? A. they formed endospores in the yogurt B. they produced the strawberries C. they produced toxins in the yogurt D. they produced the yogurt from milk Standardized Test Practice

To return to the chapter summary click Escape or close this document. Answer The correct answer is D. Yogurt has been made in Europe and Asia for hundreds of years. Besides yogurt, bacteria can break down substances in milk to produce cheese and buttermilk. Standardized Test Practice

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