Theo 101 Christian Theological Tradition Dr. Paul Gavrilyuk 1.Intro to historian’s craft. 2.Course requirements & structure. 3.Divine revelation. 4.Divine inspiration of scripture.

Shroud of Turin

Mk 15:46: “Joseph bought a linen cloth, and taking down the body, wrapped it in the linen cloth, and laid it in a tomb that had been hewn out of the rock.” Lk 24: 12: “But Peter got up and ran to the tomb; stooping and looking in, he saw the linen cloths by themselves.”

Face of Christ on the Shroud of Turin

6 Sinai Christ Icon of Christ (6 th c) compared to the Image on the Shroud

12 Mandylion & Shroud compared

Veil of Veronica Domenico Fetti, The Veil of Veronica, c. 1618/1622

The fourth crusade evidence

Questionstypes of testsfindings/ conclusions What is depicted? photography Image looks like a negative. Bruises on the forehead and breast. Blood on the wrists, perhaps from nails (authentic). criminologyBlood from nails is not on the palms of the hands, unlike most Medieval images. Blood is on the wrist. The shroud image is anatomically accurate. It was not based on medieval paintings. No signs of decay of the body (authentic). Who could this possibly be? Biblical recordJn 19: 40, 20: 5-6. The cloth is left after the disappearance of Jesus from the tomb. Place?micro-biologyPieces of pollen from different plants where found on the surface of the shroud. Their corresponding habitats intersect in Jerusalem (authentic). Nature of image? Is it a painting? chemical analysisNo traces of paint found (authentic).The cloth was damaged by fire in the 16 th c.

Date? Physics: carbon – 14 testing. history Approx date of A small sample, damaged by fire, was used. Some scientists think carbon-14 dating is unreliable (fake) Pieces of cloth like this were used in the 1 st c. Palestine. Problem: no image of any kind on those ancient cloths (authentic) Historical record?history, archeology Image of Christ “Not made by Hands.” Veronica’s handkerchief. Mandylion. King Abgar of Edessa legend. Problem: these are facial, not full-body images. Mandylion travels from Edessa to Jerusalem, Constantinople. Stolen from Constantinople in Recovered as Shroud in the estate of Geoffrey de Charny, who was a relative of the famous knight Templar, executed in the beginning of the 14 th c. (authentic?) First know exposition of the Shroud was held in Lirey, France, in 1353/5. this agrees with carbon-14 dating (fake). No record of its veneration in the second century. No record in the fourth-fifth centuries which were known for their archeological findings (fake). There were lots of forgeries in the Medieval period. (fake). The remains of the recently discovered first-century shroud in the Old City of Jerusalem do not match the texture of the Turin Shroud (fake) How did the image get on the shroud? Bottom line: we do not know. A miracle? Super fast Radiation (purely speculative)? If it is a forgery, we cannot reproduce it.

Shroud’s Lessons Historian’s task: the search for “what really happened.” Theology is the forum for all sciences God respects our freedom Believers are invited to become like a shroud

Course requirements Participation, participation, participation And participation again! Quizzes First paper Exam 1 Course web site Second paper Exam 2

Course structure Bible –Old Testament –New Testament History of Christianity, periods: –Early –Middle Ages –Reformation –Modernity

Divine Revelation General –Through nature –Through conscience Special (some examples) –In prophecy –In mystical experience –In history

Divine inspiration of the Bible: three views 1.Verbal inspiration (inerrancy, fundamentalism). 2.Secular view. 3.Middle position.