Etruscan Heritage and the Rise of the Roman Republic Moving West In the Mediterranean World

Etruscan Heritage and the Rise of Rome I. Trade and the Rise of the Western Mediterranean World II. The Etruscans –Geography –Government –Society and Culture III. Roman Society –Legends –Family, Society, Religion –Government  Development and Structure Terms to be familiar with: Etruria, Latium Pietas, manus, paterfamilias, materfamilias, patrimonial, imperium, ancestor cult Patrician, plebeian, nobiles, clientage manumission, latifundia, & coloni. Senate, Centuriate Assembly, Roman constitution, Consuls, Censors, Dictators, Struggle of the Orders, Twelve Tables

Trade and the Mediterranean World 6 th Century BC

Trade Amphorae to transport wine Trade in Minerals: silver, copper & tin Pottery Perfumes Spices Wine Oil and Olives Wheat

Map of Ancient Italy

To Etruria The Importance of Trade Its Impact on Culture and Society

Etrurian Government and Society

Etruscans The Importance Of Death Barrows of Necropolis at Caere

Etruscan tomb interiors

Fresco from an Etruscan Tomb The Funeral Banquet

Women in Etruscan Society Sculpture of Etruscan Woman More Freedom than Greek Society Not segregated from public Evidence of matrilinealism

Italy Places to be familiar With: Etruria Apennine Mountains Arno River Tiber River Latium Rome Sicily Carthage

Rise of Rome The Early Romans –Legends –Family and Society –Government Important terms: Pietas, manus, paterfamilias, materfamilias, patrimonial, imperium, ancestor cult Patrician, plebeian, nobiles, clientage Manumission, latifundia, & coloni.

The Legend of Rome Romulus and Remus

Aeneas flees the sack of Troy carrying his father Anchises on his back

Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii (1784)

Rise of Republic Mid 8 th century BC- 509 BC: Rome Ruled by Monarchy Mid 8 th century BC- 509 BC: Rome Ruled by Monarchy 509 BC 509 BC –Raids of Celts on Italy lead to expulsion of kings and founding of Roman Republic. –Rome distances itself from Etruria 392 BC- Fall of Etruria to Rome 392 BC- Fall of Etruria to Rome

Family and Society in Rome Social Organization – –Tribe – –Clan – –Family Paterfamilias: Father held absolute power imperium, patria potestas and manus Materfamilias: Mother’s influence in household Naming conventions – –For males – –For females

Rome as a Patrilineal Society Naming your son: Name of Individual: Gaius, Gnaeus Marcus, Lucius, Titus, Publius, Marcus Name of the Clan: Julius Licinius Cornelius Name of the Family: Caesar Crassus Scipio Your Son’s Name:Gaius Julius Caesar Marcus Licinius Crassus Publius Cornelius Scipio Naming your daughter: Name of Clan: Julius Name of daughter: Julia Second daughter: Julia secunda

Family and Society in Rome Social Hierarchy Sculpted tomb of a family of ex-slaves [Note man holding tablets, pigeon, wife’s hairstyle. All indicate that family was both literate and stylish.] Patricians: Landowning Elite Plebeians: Commoner – –Not necessarily poor Nobiles: By 3 rd Cent. BC, elite of Patrician & Plebian Slaves: At least 1/3 of pop. – –Household vs.Agricultural Work latifundia: “broad fields” manumission: from manus Coloni: Tenant Farmers – –Serflike- tied to the land (bonded)

Ancestor Cult Role of Pietas: “I sought to equal the deeds of my father” Role of Ancestor Cult, Wax Masks, Marble Busts, and Funeral Rituals Virtues of Tradition and Respect

Dimensions of Family and Virtue Marcus Porcius Cato (b. 234 BC) and his wife

Family Politics and Marriage Women move from protection of fathers to protection of husbands (per manus) Usually with wealth came independence Fathers can act as agents to protect assets/dowry Example: Tullia (daughter of Marcus Tullius Cicero) Betrothed at 12, married at 16, widowed at 22 Example: Cornelia (aristocratic woman) Widowed/ intellectual/ bore 12 children 3 children lived (2 boys and 1 girl) Sons: Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus