Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Indo-European Migrations: 4m-2m BCE The Middle East: “The Crossroads of Three Continents”

The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”

Sumerians

Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic Enki Innana Anthropomorphic Gods

Mesopotamian Trade “The Cuneiform World”

Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing

Cuneiform Writing

Deciphering Cuneiform

Sumerian Scribes “Tablet House”

Sumerian Cylinder Seals

Gilgamesh

Gilgamesh Epic Tablet: Flood Story

Ziggurat at Ur  Temple  “Mountain of the Gods”  Temple  “Mountain of the Gods”

The Royal Standard of Ur

Mesopotamian Harp

Board Game From Ur

Sophisticated Metallurgy Skills at Ur

Sargon of Akkad: The World’s First Empire [Akkadians]

The Babylonian Empires

Hammurabi’s [r B. C. E.] Code

Hammurabi, the Judge

Babylonian Math

Babylonian Numbers

A View of Egypt by Satellite

The Fertile Nile Valley

The Annual Flooding of the Nile

Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

Ancient Egyptian History PeriodsTime Frame Nile Culture Begins3900 B. C. E. Archaic3100 – 2650 B. C. E. Old Kingdom2650 – 2134 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period750 – 332 B. C. E. Greek Ptolemaic Era332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c B. C. E. ?

Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes

Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

Making Ancient Egyptian Wine

An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves” Perfume Whigs Mirror

Egyptian Social Hierarchy

Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs Thutmose III B. C. E. Ramses II B. C. E. Tutankhamon B. C. E.

Egyptian Nobility

Egyptian Priestly Class

Egyptian Scribe

Papyrus  Paper Papyrus Plant Hieratic Scroll Piece

Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship ,000100,0001,000,000 What number is this?

Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”

Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” phonetic symbols

Egyptian Creation Myth The Goddess Nut

Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Osiris Isis Horus

Preparations for the Underworld Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

Materials Used in Mummification 1. Linen 6. Natron 2. Sawdust 7. Onion 3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud 4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads 5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

Preparation for the Afterlife

Egyptian Mummies Seti I B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II B. C. E. Ramses II B. C. E.

Journey to the Underworld A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb. The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

Egyptian Book of the Dead

The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris

Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

Giza Pyramid Complex

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

The Valley of the Kings

Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask B. C. E.

King Tutankhamon

King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

The Valley of the Queens Temple of Queen Hatshepsut B. C. E.

Ankhenaton: First Monotheist? B. C. E.

The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life

Queen Nefertiti

Abu Simbel: Monument to Ramses II B. C. E.

Routes of the “Sea Peoples” The end of the Bronze Age!

Hittite Empire

Hattusas: Capital of the Hittites

Hattusas – Lion’s Gate

Hittite Chariots & Warriors

Hittite Writing

A Balance of Power: 1200 B. C. E.

The Battle of Kadesh Treaty of Kadesh Ramses II at Kadesh

Phoenician Sea Routes

A Phoenician Bireme Ship

The “Royal Purple” Dye

Phoenician City of Byblos: “Home of the Alphabet”

Phoenician Alphabet

Carthage: Phoenicia’s Mightiest Colony

The Assyrian Empire

Assyrian Military Power Assyrian soldiers carrying away the enemy’s gods.

Jewish Captives: 8 c BCE

Babylon under the Chaldeans

Nebuchadnezzar II’s Babylon

Ishtar Gate

Hanging Gardens of Babylon?

Israelites in Captivity

Alexander the Great & the Hellenization of the Near East

The Great Library at Alexandria. Egypt