Achaemenid Persia The Great King and the Rise of the Persian Empire

Near Eastern Powers before Persia: Successors to Assyria (ca BCE)  Egyptian Saite Dynasty XXVI  Neo-Babylonian (Chaldaean) Kingdom  Lydian Kingdom in western Asia Minor  Median Kingdom of western Iran

Neo-Babylonian and Median Empires

Persia: An Iranian Landscape

Origins of Persians  Outsiders from Near Eastern power center (Mesopotamia) from Iranian plateau  Original homeland Russian steppelands  Persian language: Indo-European, not Semitic (Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian)  Supreme god: Ahura Mazda (sky, sun, moon, rivers, earth, water, and fire are sacred)  As conquerors, Persian monarchs display power through sumptuous royal courts and monumental architecture

Persian Capitals

Significance of Achaemenid Persia in Ancient Greek History  Watershed Moment in Ancient Greek History of Magnitude of Collapse of Bronze Age Kingdoms  Greatest Territorial Empire of Ancient Near East (Historical Persia)  Cultural History and Collective Identity: Greek “Lens” on Persian Empire (“Greek” Persia: Herodotus)

Achaemenid Persian Kings  Cyrus the Great (r BCE)  Cambyses (r BCE)  Dynastic Succession Struggle ( BCE)  Darius I (r BCE)  Xerxes I (r BCE)

Tomb of Cyrus

Persian Conquests  Median Kingdom in 550 BCE (Cyrus)  Lydia in 546 BCE (Cyrus)  Babylon in 539 BCE (Cyrus)  Egypt in 525 BCE (Cambyses)  Near Eastern powers conquered by Achaemenid Persians within twenty-five years

Persians and Greeks  Asia Minor Greeks tribute-paying subjects of Lydian kingdom  By 514 BCE, Asia Minor Greeks pay tribute to Persian satraps, who rule through Greek tyrants and potentates  Greek workmen and craftsmen employed in building the great Persian royal palaces  Greek physicians at Persian royal court

Persian Gold Daric

Darius’ Achievement ( BCE)  Marries Atossa, daughter of Cyrus the Great  Thirty Districts (Satrapies) ruled by governors of Persian/Median aristocracy  Separate Military and Financial Officers in Satrapies (Provinces)  Governors (Satraps) successfully work through local elites (Hebrews, Lydians, Babylonians, Greeks)  Royal Road (Sardis to Susa)  Overseer of Satraps from Persepolis (King’s “Eyes and Ears”)

Persepolis: A Persian Capital

Persepolis

Persepolis: Royal Staircase

Darius receives allegiance of nobility

King Darius I (r BCE)

Darius’ Archers

Royal Tombs near Persepolis

Colossus: Achaemenid Persian Empire

Achaemenid Persian Empire  Hindu Kush to Mediterranean (3,000 miles)  Empire includes Egypt, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor  Linked together by network of roads and highways (“Royal Road” from Sardis to Susa)  Armies depend on mounted cavalry (hybrid, polyglot, variously armed, high command by Great King’s “Friends”)

Achaemenid Persian Empire

Greek “Lens” and Achaemenid Persia  “Constitutional Debate” (Herodotus, ): a literary anachronism Aristocracy Democracy Monarchy  Persians choose despotism (non-Greek barbarians slaves by nature)

Persian Monarchy  Great King as Ahura Mazda’s viceroy on earth  Rigid social hierarchy with royal family at top  Persian monarch’s subjects as slaves (submission of earth and water)  Submission and subjection: proskynesis  Modes of Warfare: Hoplites vs. Mounted Cavalry

Persian Virtues: Horsemanship, Archery, and Truth-Telling

Achaemenid Persia and Athens  Alcmaeonid tradition: Hostility to the Tyrants  Inscriptional evidence shows Cleisthenes as archon between 527 and 521 BCE  As a counterweight to the possibility of the return of a Spartan army, Cleisthenes approached Persia in 508 BCE (Herodotus, 5.73)  Exiled tyrant Hippias, Pisistratus’ son, takes refuge with Persians

Athenian Overtures to Persia After that the Athenians, having brought back Cleisthenes and the 700 households that had been banished by Cleomenes, sent off messengers to Sardis, since they wished to make an alliance with the Persians, for they knew well that the Spartans and Cleomenes had been provoked to war against them. The messengers came to Sardis and said what they had been told to say. Then Artaphernes, son of Hystaspes, the satrap of Sardis, asked his question: “Who are these people and where in the world do they live that they ask the Persians to become their allies?” When he got his answer from the messengers, he said, rather pithily, “If the Athenians are willing to give King Darius earth and water, he offers an alliance to them; if not, away from here with them!” The messengers took the risk on their own heads and said they were willing to make the alliance. Then they went home to their own country and were severely blamed for what they had done. ~Herodotus, 5.73