Ancient Egyptian Civilization Miss Lynch 6th Grade Social Studies Chapter 4 Lesson 3 in the World Text

The Big Picture Neighboring cultures were growing while Egyptian civilization was spreading along the Nile. To the north, people in Europe were developing the islands and peninsulas across the Mediterranean Sea. To the west, Africans were finding ways to survive in the harsh desert environment of the Sahara. To the south, the kingdoms of Nubia had gold mines and trade networks that made the kingdom thrive. Asian communities that were large and small on the east, were forming today’s countries of Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq.

The Big Picture Trade and movement of people and ideas helped shape development in all of the cultures. Each culture exchanged resources, products, and ideas.

New Rulers in Egypt When the Old Kingdom collapsed, a new era of Egyptian history began. Egypt’s Middle Kingdom took place about 2100 BC through 1700 BC. When the pharaoh’s armies conquered kingdoms in Nubia they made use of gold mines. The name of this country may come from the Egyptian word for “nub,” meaning gold.

New Rulers in Egypt During this time, people began moving. Egyptian traders increased their business with cities in western Asia, so people from Asia came to live in Egypt’s delta region. By 1650 BC these new settlers, called Hyksos, challenged the pharaoh. The Greek phrase for Hyksos is “rulers of hill lands.” This group ruled Lower Egypt for the next 100 years.

New Rulers of Egypt The weapons these people use to defeat Egyptian armies in battle: Horses, chariots, strong bronze weapons, bows, and arrows. Egyptian leaders at Thebes continued to control Upper Egypt. In 1550 BC Pharaoh Ahmose and the Egyptians regained control of the delta from the Hyksos by using weapons and chariots that they copied from the Hyksos. The New Kingdom began when the Hyksos were defeated. Pharaoh Ahmose and later pharaohs vowed they would become the strongest military power in the world by never letting any outsiders control any part of Egypt.

Expansion and Trade During the New Kingdom period, Egypt’s leaders worked hard to win back the lands lost in wars. They took control of an area that is now the country of Israel, and pushed as far as the Euphrates River. Empire: a group of lands and people ruled by one government.

Expansion and Trade Country Goods Greece Silver, olive oil. Lebanon Silver, copper, timber, wine. Egypt Grain, bronze goods, papyrus, linen, jewelry. Nubia Gold. Kush Ebony, ivory, animal hides, gold, copper, and precious stones. Punt Gold, perfume, ivory, incense, apes.

Expansion and Trade Treasures moved from Kush to Egypt by caravans of men and pack animals. Soldiers that traveled w/ the trading caravans kept Egypt’s pharaoh’s treasures safe. Large castle-like forts scared away robbers along the upper Nile. Products such as furniture and jewelry were made from raw materials by Egyptian craft workers for Egypt’s pharaoh and wealthy families.

Expansion and Trade Egyptian’s traveled from Egypt to Punt when they used both the Nile River and land travel.

Hat-shep-sut Hatshepsut was the name of one of Egypt’s few female rulers. Hatshepsut means, “foremost of the noble ladies.” She became pharaoh because her husband died and she declared her brother too young to rule on his own. Expedition: A group of people who go on a trip for a set reason.

Hatshepsut Hatshepsut traded jewelry, papyrus, and bronze weapons w/ the country of Punt. Hatshepsut’s scribes, soldiers, artists, and attendants brought back from Punt gold, perfume, ivory, live apes, leopard skins, and rare incense trees. Hatshepsut’s expedition lasted 2 years, they traveled by ship and land.

Moving Ideas Ideas, trade goods, and skills spread as Egypt trades with other countries. Egyptians became well known for their understanding of: Medicine, mathematics, and astronomy. Priests learned their skills in temple schools. The first medical textbooks were written by scribes when writing was invented. The textbooks told doctors how to cure illness, stitch together cuts, and set broken bones.

Moving Ideas Wounds were cured by moldy bread and upset stomachs by chamomile. Egyptian priests developed mathematical rules.

Moving Ideas The “stars that know no rest” are known to us as the planets. The “meetings of the Sun and Moon” which created darkness are called eclipses. The 2 inventions we use today that were created by the ancient Egyptians were the: 365 day calendar The scale

Tutankhamen’s Tomb Located in the Valley of the Kings The resting place of 30 New Kingdom pharaohs Tutankhamen ruled Egypt from the time he was 9 until he died at the age of 19. Tutankhamun’s tomb remained untouched for over 3,000 years.

Tutankhamen’s Tomb The tomb was discovered in 1922 by two British archaeologists named Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon. The artifacts found in his tombs, including the clothes teach us about how the ancient Egyptians really looked like.