America Becomes an Imperial Power America Becomes an Imperial Power

1. Social Darwinist Thinking The Hierarchy of Race

1. Social Darwinist Thinking The White Man’s Burden Take up the White Man’s burden- Send forth the best ye breed- Go bind your sons in exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Rudyard Kipling 1899 Take up the White Man’s burden- Send forth the best ye breed- Go bind your sons in exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Rudyard Kipling 1899

2. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905 Reverend Josiah Strong became a foundational figure in the Social Gospel Movement, that fused the ideas of Social Darwinism and American Protestantism. His book, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis 1885, sparked Amer. imperialism abroad.

3. Commercial/Business Interests Economic depression of 1893 necessitated expansion to further trade and rescue economy. YEAR RAIL PRODUCTION STEEL PRODUCTION LOCOMOTIVES PRODUCED FREIGHT CARS PRODUCED (millions long tons)(million long tons) ,86070, ,300103, ,16595, ,01298, ,01156, , ,10138, ,17551, ,25143, ,87599, ,475119, ,153115,600 Source: Historical Statistics of the U.S., 1790-

3. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments:

American Foreign Trade: Commercial/Business Interests

4. Military/Strategic Interests The fear the the U.S. was falling behind the rest of Europe in its turn of the century colonial binge.

4. Military/Strategic Interests Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea Power on History:

5. Closing the American Frontier Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis at the 1893 World’s Columbian Expo in Chicago

Alaska

“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867 $7.2 million dollars

“Seward’s Folly”: 1867 A “folly” for whom?

Hawaii: "Crossroads of the Pacific" Hawaii: "Crossroads of the Pacific"

U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s “commerce follows the missionary” Jos. Strong Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s “commerce follows the missionary” Jos. Strong

U. S. View of Hawaiians Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii 1875 – Reciprocity Treaty 1890 – McKinley Tariff American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898 Not until McKinley was Pres.

Venezuela

British Imperialism in Caribbean Gold is found on border of Venezuela & British Guiana in 1890s President Cleveland saw solution to bimetal crisis Gold is found on border of Venezuela & British Guiana in 1890s President Cleveland saw solution to bimetal crisis Congress pushed for a firm response to Britain.

Monroe Doctrine alive and well Cleveland Sec. of State Richard Olney reasserts the Monroe Doctrine to GB & suggests arbitration PM Lord Salisbury rejects Monroe Doctrine & offer Cleveland all but threatens GB & they submit to arbitration. Cleveland Sec. of State Richard Olney reasserts the Monroe Doctrine to GB & suggests arbitration PM Lord Salisbury rejects Monroe Doctrine & offer Cleveland all but threatens GB & they submit to arbitration.

Cuba

The Imperialist Taylor

Spanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

Cuban Revolutionary Jose Marti Exiled Cuban journalist who worked tirelessly to bring freedom and democracy to Cuba Known as the “Apostle of Cuban Independence” Marti rallied the support of Cuban émigré community in America to pressure the government to come to the aid of the Cubans. Exiled Cuban journalist who worked tirelessly to bring freedom and democracy to Cuba Known as the “Apostle of Cuban Independence” Marti rallied the support of Cuban émigré community in America to pressure the government to come to the aid of the Cubans.

“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Hearst to Frederick Remington: “You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!”

Theodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration. Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair! Resigns his position to fight in Cuba. (not before sending Adm. Dewey from Hong Kong to Manilla Bay on Feb. 25 th )

The “Rough Riders”

De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S. Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.

Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain! Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War” How prepared was the US for war?

The Philippines The Philippines

The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!

Emilio Aguinaldo L eader of the Filipino Uprising. July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

William H. Taft, 1st Gov. General of the Philippines Great administrator.