ECOLOGY AND THE BIOSPHERE

YOU MUST KNOW… THE ROLE OF ABIOTIC FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF BIOMES FEATURES OF FRESHWATER AND MARINE BIOMES MAJOR TERRESTRIAL BIOMES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

CONCEPT 52.2 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT LIMIT THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES

ECOLOGY STUDY OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ORGANISMS AND THE ENVT BIOTIC – LIVING – MAY INCLUDE BEHAVIORS AND INTERACTION AMONG SPECIES ABIOTIC – NONLIVING, CHEMICAL, AND PHYSICAL COMPONENTS EX. TEMP, WATER, SALINITY, SUNLIGHT, AND SOIL

CLIMATE MAJOR COMPONENTS INCLUDE TEMP, PRECIPITATION, SUNLIGHT, AND WIND MACROCLIMATE PATTERNS – GLOBAL, REGIONAL, OR LOCAL LEVEL MICROCLIMATES – SMALL-SCALE ENVTL VARIATIONS

CONCEPT 52.3 AQUATIC BIOMES ARE DIVERSE AND DYNAMIC SYSTEMS THAT COVER MOST OF EARTH

BIOMES MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS THAT OCCUPY VERY BROAD GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AQUATIC BIOMES – MAKE UP THE LARGEST PART OF THE BIOSPHERE COVER 75% OF EARTH’S SURFACE FRESHWATER MARINE

PHOTIC ZONE – ENOUGH LIGHT FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO OCCUR APHOTIC ZONE – VERY LITTLE LIGHT PENETRATES BENTHIC ZONE – AT BOTTOM OF THE BIOME – MADE UP OF SAND, INORGANIC AND ORGANIC (INCLUDING DETRITUS) MATTER THERMOCLINES – NARROW LAYERS OF FAST TEMPERATURE CHANGE THAT SEPARATE A WARM UPPER LAYER AND COLD DEEPER WATERS

FRESHWATER BIOMES INCLUDE STANDING BODIES OF WATER (LAKES AND WETLANDS) AND MOVING BODIES (STREAMS AND RIVERS)

LITTORAL ZONE (WELL-LIT SHALLOW WATERS NEAR THE SHORE) - ROOTED AND FLOATING AQUATIC PLANTS LIMNETIC ZONE (WELL-LIT BUT FURTHER FROM SHORE) – PHYTOPLANKTON OLIGOTROPHIC LAKES – DEEP LAKES THAT ARE NUTRIENT-POOR AND OXYGEN-RICH – LOW PLANKTON EUTROPHIC LAKES – SHALLOWER, HIGHER NUTRIENT AND LOWER OXYGEN CONTENT – HIGH PLANKTON

RIVERS AND STREAMS – CURRENTS, GREAT DIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS ESTUARIES – AREAS WHERE FRESHWATER STREAMS OR RIVERS MERGE WITH AN OCEAN

MARINE BIOMES INTERTIDAL ZONE – WHERE LAND MEETS THE WATER, TIDES NERITIC ZONE – BEYOND INTERTIDAL ZONE, IS THE SHALLOW WATER OVER THE CONTINENTAL SHELVES PELAGIC BIOME – VAST REALM OF OPEN BLUE WATER CORAL REEF – CREATED BY CNIDARIANS – CALCIUM CARBONATE SHELLS – PRODUCTIVE ECOSYSTEM

CONCEPT 52.4 CLIMATE LARGELY DETERMINES THE DISTRIBUTION AND STRUCTURE OF TERRESTRIAL BIOMES

SAVANNAS – GRASSES AND SOME TREES, DROUGHT AND FIRES COMMON DESERT – SPARSE RAINFALL, CAM PLANTS, SPINES AND WAXY LEAVES, TEMP EXTREME CHAPARRAL – DENSE, SPINY, EVERGREEN SHRUBS, COASTAL AREAS WITH MILD RAINY WINTERS AND LONG, HOT , DRY SUMMERS

TEMPERATE BROADLEAF FOREST – DECIDUOUS TREES, CANOPY THAT LOSE LEAVES, ANIMALS HIBERNATE OR MIGRATE CONIFEROUS FOREST – CONE-BEARING TREES TUNDRA – PERMAFROST, VERY COLD TEMP, HIGH WINDS, LITTLE RAINFALL TROPICAL FOREST – CANOPY AND UNDERSTORY, LITTLE SUNLIGHT THROUGH CANOPY, EPIPHYTES (PLANTS GROW ON OTHER PLANTS), GREATEST BIODIVERSITY