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Objectives Describe the features and performance characteristics of server-class hard disks and solid state drives Describe features of the SCSI interface and know how to configure devices correctly Describe features of the SATA and SAS interfaces and know how to configure devices correctly Select an appropriate RAID level for a given storage solution Configure a RAID array 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 2

Hard Drives HDD – SCSI / SAS / SATA – LFF and SFF SDD Enclosure / backplane 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 3

The SCSI Interface Parallel SCSI – SCSI-1 – SCSI-2 Fast / wide SCSI Active termination – SCSI-3 UltraSCSI Firewire Fiber Channel / iSCSI SAS 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 4

Parallel SCSI Configuration HBA Internal and external devices Signaling (SE / HVD / LVD) Connectors Termination IDs and LUNs Drivers / config utility 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 5

Serial Attached SCSI Standard for new enterprise servers 3 Gbps or 6 Gbps Bus can host SATA devices Connectors 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 6

Serial ATA Desktop market / cheaper servers 1.5 / 3 / 6 Gbps eSATA 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 7

Drive Arrays (RAID) Redundant Array of Independent Disks Performance – Striping Fault tolerance – Mirroring – Parity RAID levels offer different combinations Performance – Reads versus writes – Sequential versus transactional I/O 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 8

RAID 0 Data stored in blocks (stripe size) across multiple drives (stripe width) Improves read and write performance Volume size is capacity of all disks (assuming disks are equal capacity) No fault tolerance Specialist applications only (where complete loss of data is tolerable) 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 9

RAID 1 Mirroring 2 disks 50% utilization Tolerates failure of 1 disk Duplexing controllers 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 10

RAID 5 RAID 3 (Striping with parity disk) RAID 5 (distributed parity) Minimum 3 disks Tolerates failure of 1 disk RAID 6 supports 2 disk failures 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 11

RAID 1+0 (RAID 10) Requires 4+ disks 50% utilization Can support multiple disk failures (1 per subvolume) 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 12

RAID 5+0 (RAID 50) Requires 6+ disks Can support multiple disk failures (1 per subvolume) Can achieve better than 50% utilization – More disks per subvolume increases storage efficiency – Fewer disks per subvolume improves reliability 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 13

Calculating Usable Storage Level 0 – Total space of all disks in stripe set (assuming all disks are same size) Level 1 / Level 1+0 – 50% Level 5/ Level 6 – (# Drives - 1) * Drive Size for RAID 5 – (# Drives - 2) * Drive Size for RAID 6 Level 5+0 – The array capacity is Drive Size * (# Drives per Set -1) * # Sets – The storage efficiency is (# Drives per Set -1) / # Drives per Set – 2x6-disk (80 GB disks) array gives a capacity of 800 GB (80*(6-1)*2) - 83% efficiency – 3x4-disk array has a capacity of 720 GB - 75% efficiency 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 14

Implementing RAID Hardware Fake RAID Software 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 15

Enterprise RAID Hot swapping Hot spare Online Capacity Extension Online RAID Level Migration Drive Roaming Controller spanning n-way mirroring Array splitting 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 16

Review Describe the features and performance characteristics of server-class hard disks and solid state drives Describe features of the SCSI interface and know how to configure devices correctly Describe features of the SATA and SAS interfaces and know how to configure devices correctly Select an appropriate RAID level for a given storage solution Configure a RAID array 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 17

Labs Lab 1 Configuring RAID 1.3 Storage and RAIDSlide 18