GENERAL BOTANY نبات عام

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Genetics and Heredity.
Advertisements

Mendel and the Gene Idea
Chapter 10: Mendel and Meiosis September
Chapter 10, Genetics.
Genetics: an Introduction
Mendel’s Law of Heredity
Mendelian Genetics CH 11.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Mendel’s Fundamentals of Genetics.
Mendelian Genetics.
AP Biology Chapter 14. Mendel & Genetics.
Mendel and the Idea of the Gene
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
Mendel and the Gene Idea. What genetic principles account for the passing of traits from parents to offspring?  The “blending” hypothesis is the idea.
Mendel Biology Chapter 10.1 p
NOTES: Chapter 14, part 1 – Mendelian Genetics!!
Intro to Genetics and Mendel Honors Biology Ms. Kim
Genetics & The Work of Mendel Genetic Terminology Trait - any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring Heredity - passing of traits.
Mendel & the Origins of Genetics
Mendelian Genetics Unit 1. Genetics  Science that deals with the structure & function of genes and their transmission from one generation to the next.
Introduction to Genetics Chapter 9. Heredity Transmission of characteristics form parents to offspring.
Chapter 9 Table of Contents Section 1 Mendel’s Legacy
Pea plants have several advantages for genetics.
MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Chapter 14. Mendel & Genetics.
Patterns of Inheritance genetics—the branch of biology that studies heredity.
Warm up: Definitions Dominant – trait expressed, Capital letter (ex “B”) Recessive – trait masked, lowercase letter (ex “b”) Heterozygous – 1 dominant.
1 Vocabulary Review GENETICS. 2 Study of how characteristics are transmitted from parent to offspring GENETICS.
Gregor Mendel’s Discoveries Lecture 8: Genetics. He was born in 1822 in Austria النمسا. In 1854, Mendel began his classic experiments with the garden.
Mendelian Genetics The Basics. Gregor Mendel Mendel was an Austrian monk who published his research on the inheritance of pea plant characteristics in.
Mendelian Genetics 1. Gregor Mendel ( ) Father of genetics Austrian Monk Between 1856 – 1863 he studied ~28,000 pea plants Importance of his work.
Inheritance of Traits.
CHAPTER 11 GENETICS Genetic discoveries 45 minutes.
Genetics the scientific study of heredity.
Section 2: Mendelian Genetics
CH 9 FUNDAMENTALS OF GENETICS. Genetics  What is it? Define it in your notebook with a partner.  Field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics.
Chapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance. MENDEL’s LAW The science of genetics has ancient roots Pangenesis, proposed around 400 B.C. by Hippocrates, was an.
Gregor Mendel 1860’s. Garden Pea Flower produces both gametes. stamens: male carpel: female.
Exam II Lectures and Text Pages I. Cell Cycles – Mitosis (218 – 228) – Meiosis (238 – 249) II. Mendelian Genetics (251 – 270) III. Chromosomal Genetics.
Patterns of Inheritance Mendelian Genetics. Mendel’s Principles 1. Principle of Segregation 2. Principle of Independent Assortment Punnett Squares and.
Genetics. Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics Genetics: study of heredity Heredity: passing traits from parent to offspring Used peas to study heredity.
Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10/ Section 2. Mendelian Genetics Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Gregor Mendel: The Father of Genetics The passing of traits.
Mendel explained how a dominant allele can mask the presence of a recessive allele. Section 2: Mendelian Genetics K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out.
Chapter 12.1 Mendelian Genetics Gregor Mendel  Modern genetics began in the mid-1800s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented.
Patterns of Inheritance Chapter 9. Genetics The science of heredity. A distinct genetic makeup results in a distinct set of physical and behavioral characteristics.
General: Understand the concepts underlying Mendelian Genetics. Specific: 1. Identify the factors that influence individuality. 2. Describe the experiment.
1 Zoology 145 course General Animal Biology For Premedical Student H Zoology Department Lecture 22 : Lecture 22 : Genetics (Mendel and the Gene.
Mendelian Heredity (Fundamentals of Genetics) Chapter 9
Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea.
GENETICS CH. 12 (and 10.1).
Patterns of Inheritance – Mendelian Genetics
MENDEL & MEIOSIS.
MENDEL AND THE GENE IDEA Gregor Mendel’s Discoveries
MENDEL AND MONOHYBRIDS AP Biology Ms. Gaynor
Mendel and the Gene Idea
Gregor Mendel “The Father of Genetics”
10.2 Mendelian Genetics Genetics – The science of heredity.
General Animal Biology
Chapter 14. Mendel & Genetics
Review: Meiosis + Zygote Sperm Father’s Characteristics Egg
Gregor Mendel’s Discoveries
MENDEL AND THE GENE IDEA Gregor Mendel’s Discoveries
General Animal Biology
GENETICS: THE SCIENCE OF HEREDITY
Pioneer of Genetics: Gregor Mendel
Mendel and the Idea of the Gene
Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics Mendel and Meiosis
Mendel and Genetics Genetics – study of heredity.
Gregor Mendel’s Discoveries
MENDEL AND THE GENE IDEA Section A: Gregor Mendel’s Discoveries
Presentation transcript:

GENERAL BOTANY نبات عام بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia Ministry Of Higher Education Taibah University Faculty of Science Yanbu Biology Department المملكة العربية السعودية وزارة التعليم العالي جامعة طيبة كلية العلوم بينبع قسم الأحياء GENERAL BOTANY نبات عام BIOB 101 نبت 101 Dr. TRABELSI SOUAD Chapter 13: Plants genetics الفصل 13: النباتات علم الوراثة First year / second semester

مفردات Vocabulary Genetics: The scientific study of heredity 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Genetics: The scientific study of heredity Pure Line : a population that breeds true for a particular trait Allele: Different versions of a gene. Genotype: combination of alleles an organism has. Phenotype: physical appearance of a particular trait . الوراثة: الدراسة العلمية للوراثة الخط النقي: السكان الذي يولد ينطبق على صفة معينة أليل: إصدارات مختلفة من الجين. النمط الجيني: مزيج من الأليلات كائن حي لديه. النمط الظاهري: المظهر المادي من سمة معينة.

Dominant: An allele which is expressed (masks the other). Recessive: An allele which is present but remains unexpressed (masked) Homozygous: Both alleles for a trait are the same. Heterozygous: The organism's alleles for a trait are different. Diploid: Having two sets of chromomosomes or 2N – the sporophyte phase of plants. 2N = 2X = 22 (Flowering dogwood) Haploid: Having one set of chromosomes or N – the gametophyte phase of plants. N = X=11 (Flowering dogwood) المهيمن: هو أليل وهو ما يعبر عنه (أقنعة الآخر). المتنحية: والأليل التي هي موجودة لكنها لا تزال غير المعلنة (الملثمين) متماثل: كلا الأليلات لسمة هي نفسها. متخالف: الأليلات الكائن لسمة مختلفة. مضاعفا: وجود مجموعتين من chromomosomes أو 2N - المرحلة طور بوغي من النباتات. 2N = 2X = 22 (قرانيا مزهرة) فرداني: وجود مجموعة واحدة من الكروموسومات أو N - المرحلة منشئات الأمشاج من النباتات. N = 11 X = (قرانيا مزهرة)

النمط الجيني والنمط الظاهري Genotype and Phenotype 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 النمط الجيني والنمط الظاهري Genotype and Phenotype Genotype : genetic constitution of an organismالنمط الجيني: الدستور الوراثية للكائن الحي Phenotype : observable characteristicالنمط الظاهري: سمة يمكن ملاحظتها Genotype and environmentالتركيب الوراثي والبيئة Contribution of environment varies between genesمساهمة بيئة تختلف بين الجينات Can be controlled by many genes يمكن السيطرة عليها من قبل العديد من الجينات

Mendelian Geneticsالوراثة المندلية 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Mendelian Geneticsالوراثة المندلية Modern genetics began with Gregor Mendel’s quantitative genetic experimentsبدأ علم الوراثة الحديث مع التجارب الجينية الكمي جريجور مندل Austrian monk (1822-1884) الراهب النمساوي (1822-1884) Stamen Carpel

Studied physics and botany in the University of Vienna (1851-1853) درس الفيزياء وعلم النبات في جامعة فيينا (1851-1853) Began first hybridization experiments on the garden pea in 1856بدأت تجارب التهجين الأول على البازلاء حديقة في عام 1856 Research ended in 1868 انتهت البحوث في عام 1868

Mendelian Geneticsالوراثة المندلية 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Mendelian Geneticsالوراثة المندلية Heritable, obvious traitsالموروثة، والصفات واضحة Simple crosses at firstالصلبان بسيطة في البداية Used peas because:تستخدم البازلاء للأسباب التالية: Easy to grow and available Many distinguishable characteristics Self-fertilization True breeding peas من السهل أن تنمو ومتاحة العديد من الخصائص مميزة الإخصاب الذاتي البازلاء تربية صحيحة

الصفات البازلاء Pea Traits 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101

Monohybrid Crossesالهجين الصلبان 12. Plants genetics Monohybrid Crossesالهجين الصلبان General Botany BIOB 101 Cross between true-breeding individuals with one different traitعبور بين الأفراد صحيح تربية مع سمة مختلفة واحدة Mendel’s first crosses الصلبان مندل الأول Resembled only one of the parentsيشبه واحد فقط من الآباء والأمهات Planted progeny and allowed self-fertilizationذرية المزروعة ويسمح الإخصاب الذاتي Revealed both phenotypes كشفت كل من الظواهر

Monohybrid Cross الهجين الصلبان 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 GENETIC MAKEUP (ALLELES) P PLANTS F1 PLANTS (hybrids) F2 PLANTS PP pp All P All p All Pp 1/2 P 1/2 p Eggs P p Sperm Pp Gametes Phenotypic ratio 3 purple : 1 white Genotypic ratio 1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp Monohybrid Cross الهجين الصلبان Mendel determined thatتحديد مندل أن Particulate factors for genes, each contains a set of two العوامل الجسيمات عن الجينات، كل يحتوي على مجموعة من اثنين Transmitted by both parentsتنتقل عن طريق كلا الوالدين Alternate forms called allelesأشكال بديلة تسمى الأليلات True breeding forms contains identical set أشكال تربية صحيح يحتوي على مجموعة متطابقة

Monohybrid Cross الهجين الصلبان 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Monohybrid Cross الهجين الصلبان F1 generation had both allelesكان الجيل F1 على حد سواء الأليلات Only one expressesيعبر عن واحد فقط One allele masks أقنعة واحد أليل Dominantمهيمن Recessiveمتنح Identical alleles – homozygousالأليلات متطابقة - متماثل Different alleles – heterozygousالأليلات مختلفة - متخالف

رسم تخطيطي لفرع Branch Diagrams 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 رسم تخطيطي لفرع Branch Diagrams Punnett squares can become messy with more than one geneيمكن أن تصبح الساحات Punnett فوضوي مع جين واحد أو أكثر Use branch diagram to figure out genotype and phenotype expected frequencyاستخدام فرع الرسم التخطيطي لمعرفة التركيب الوراثي والنمط الظاهري المتوقع التردد

اختبار الصليب Test Cross General Botany BIOB 101 12. Plants genetics اختبار الصليب Test Cross Mendel did several crossesلم مندل العديد من الصلبان Followed over several generationsيتبع على مدى عدة أجيال Selfing also very importantإخصاب ذاتي أيضا مهم جدا Allowed plants to reveal their genotype and not just their phenotye نباتات يسمح للكشف عن التركيب الوراثي، وليس فقط على النمط الظاهري

Monohybrid Crossالهجين الصلبان 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Monohybrid Crossالهجين الصلبان

The law of segregationقانون العزل 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Mendel's First Lawقانون مندل الأول The law of segregationقانون العزل During gamete formation each member of the allelic pair separates from the other member to form the genetic constitution of the gamete.   خلال تشكيل الأمشاج كل عضو من الزوج أليلية يفصل من الأعضاء الأخرى لتشكيل الدستور الوراثية من الأمشاج.

مبدأ الفصل Principle of Segregation 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 مبدأ الفصل Principle of Segregation Recessive characteristics are maskedيتم حجب الخصائص المتنحية Reappear in F2ظهور مرة أخرى في F2 Members of a gene pair (alleles) segregated during gamete formation. فصل أعضاء من زوج الجينات (الأليلات) خلال تشكيل الأمشاج.

هجين ثنائي الصليبDihybrid Cross 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 هجين ثنائي الصليبDihybrid Cross Mendel’s next step in his experiments was to follow the inheritance of two characters simultaneouslyكان خطوة مندل في تجاربه المقبلة لمتابعة الميراث من حرفين في وقت واحد A cross containing two pairs of contrasting traits is a dihybrid crossيدل التقاطع التي تحتوي على اثنين من أزواج من الصفات المتناقضة هو عبر هجين ثنائي Example: Pea seed color and shape مثال: لون البذور البازلاء والشكل

12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Figure 3-5 F1 and F2 results of Mendel’s dihybrid crosses between yellow, round and green, wrinkled pea seeds and between yellow, wrinkled and green, round pea seeds.

12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101

12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101

فرع الرسم من الهجن الصليب Branch Diagram of Dihybrid Cross 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 فرع الرسم من الهجن الصليب Branch Diagram of Dihybrid Cross

The Principle of Independent Assortment 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 The Principle of Independent Assortment Factors for different traits assort independently of one another Genes are inherited independently of each other Segregate randomly in gametes Dihybrid Cross

12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Figure 3-1 A summary of the seven pairs of contrasting traits and the results of Mendel’s seven monohybrid crosses of the garden pea (Pisum sativum). In each case, pollen derived from plants exhibiting one trait was used to fertilize the ova of plants exhibiting the other trait. In the F1 generation, one of the two traits (dominant) was exhibited by all plants. The contrasting trait (recessive) then reappeared in approximately one-fourth of the F2 plants.

The law of independent assortment 12. Plants genetics Mendel’s Second Law The law of independent assortment During gamete formation the segregation of the alleles of one allelic pair is independent of the segregation of the alleles of another allelic pair . General Botany BIOB 101

12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Test Cross In the F2 generation, tall plants are predicted to have either DD or Dd genotypes Genotype cannot be determined by direct observation because both genotypes give the same phenotype Mendel developed the test cross as a simple method to determine the genotype of these individuals Individual with dominant phenotype (and unknown genotype) is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual

12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Figure 3-4 Testcross of a single character. In (a), the tall parent is homozygous. In (b), the tall parent is heterozygous. The genotype of each tall parent can be determined by examining the offspring when each is crossed to the homozygous recessive dwarf plant.

Probabilities 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Figure 3-6 Computation of the combined probabilities of each F2 phenotype for two independently inherited characters. The probability of each plant bearing yellow or green seeds is independent of the probability of it bearing round or wrinkled seeds.

Exercise: Predicting the genotype of offspring 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Exercise: Predicting the genotype of offspring A pea plant is heterozygous for both seed shape and seed color. S is the allele for the dominant, spherical shape characteristic; s is the allele for the recessive, dented shape characteristic. Y is the allele for the dominant, yellow color characteristic; y is the allele for the recessive, green color characteristic. What will be the distribution of these two alleles in this plant's gametes? Determine all possible combinations of alleles in the gametes for each parent. Half of the gametes get a dominant S and a dominant Y allele; the other half of the gametes get a recessive s and a recessive y allele. Both parents produce 25% each of SY, Sy, sY, and sy. Figure 3-6 Computation of the combined probabilities of each F2 phenotype for two independently inherited characters. The probability of each plant bearing yellow or green seeds is independent of the probability of it bearing round or wrinkled seeds.

12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Punnet Squares A Punnet square is a method for visualizing combinations of gametes in a cross Developed by Reginald Punnett Vertical column represents female gametes, horizontal row for male gametes After filling in the gametes, can predict all possible genotypes

12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101

Trihybrid Crosses Trihybrid or three-factor cross 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Trihybrid Crosses Trihybrid or three-factor cross More complex by “easily” calculated following principles of segregation, independent assortment and probability Punnett square has 64 boxes… Demonstrates that Mendel’s principles apply to inheritance of multiple traits

12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Figure 3-9 Formation of P1 and F1 gametes in a trihybrid cross.

Forked-line Method Branch diagram 12. Plants genetics Forked-line Method Branch diagram General Botany BIOB 101 Figure 3-10 The generation of the F2 trihybrid ratio using the forked-line, or branch diagram method, which is based on the expected probabability of occurrence of each phenotype.

Useful Rules to Consider 12. Plants genetics Useful Rules to Consider General Botany BIOB 101 Table 3-1 Simple Mathematical Rules Useful in Working Genetics Problems Examples: 1. Aa [A, a]  [AA, Aa, aa]  [A or a] 2. AaBb  [AB, Ab, aB, ab]  [AABB, AaBB, aaBB, AABb, AaBb, aaBb, aaBB, aaBb, aabb]  [AB, Ab, aB, BB]

12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Figure 3-11 The correlation between the Mendelian postulates of (a) unit factors in pairs, (b) segregation, and (c) independent assortment, and the presence of genes located on homologous chromosomes and their behavior during meiosis.

How cells carry characteristics 12. Plants genetics How cells carry characteristics General Botany BIOB 101 Genes on chromosomes At a specific loci (++ Locus) Homologous pairs carry the same genes at the same locus Different versions Separation of homologous chromosomes yields separation of alleles