Section A: Question 1 B: Theoretical Evaluation of Production Genre: Critical Perspectives Exam

Question 1(B) requires candidates to select ONE PRODUCTION & evaluate it in relation to a media concept. You will focus on your TRAILER ONLY. The list of concepts to which questions will relate is as follows: GENRE * Narrative Representation Audience Media Language In the exam, questions will be set using one of these concepts. Film: Media Concepts

QUESTIONS 1. What is Genre? Feedback 2. What is the purpose of having Genre? Brainstorm 3. What are ‘Sub-Genres’ and ‘Hybrid Genres’? Discuss + Apply 4. What is the ‘Horror Genre’ and why do audiences consume horrific content? Feedback 5. What Sub-Genre did you chose? What are the characteristics/conventions? Discuss and List

Genre is generally understood as a means of categorising films under the labels of sci-fi, action, horror etc. This categorization is based on similarities in the narrative elements from which films are constructed. Fictional films are usually categorized according to their setting, theme, & mood, 1.Setting is the environment where the story and action takes place. 2.Theme refers to the issues or concepts that the film revolves around. 3.Mood is the emotional tone of the film. An additional way of categorizing film genres is by the target audience Film: Genre

So, film genres have particular rules attached to them. For example, in a horror film: – There is usually a death in the first five minutes of the film. – Horror films should be scary, otherwise the audience would feel cheated! – These rules are known in the industry as conventions Genre: Conventions

Film genres often branch out into subgenres, as in the case of the psychological horror (Demons & Possession). Genres can also be combined to form hybrid genres, such the mixing of horror and science fiction in the Aliens films. Subgenres & Hybrid Genres

Audiences gain pleasure from the familiarity of recognisable elements in films. They know such films will fulfil certain expectations so genre can be used as a selection device (distinguishing films from one another). Therefore, genre can be seen as a language – codes and conventions recognised by audiences. Audiences have expectations about content and style of a text, according to its genre. This enables them to take particular pleasures in repetition, and of predicted resolution. Pleasure may also be drawn from differences. Audiences can select texts on the basis of genre, often because texts are arranged at retail outlets by genre. Also, certain genres are considered appropriate to certain ages/genders in society, and choices are made accordingly e.g. teen movie, 'chick flicks‘ etc. Audiences Genre:

GENRE QUOTES – Include one/two in your answer “Genre creates expectations that condition our responses. Genre sets up hopes and promises and brings pleasure if these are fulfilled” - Warren Buckland. “Different genres specify different ‘contracts’ to be negotiated between the text and the reader” - Sonia Livingstone. “Genre is not… simply ‘given’ by the culture, but rather it is in a constant process of negotiation and change” – David Buckingham. “Genre is a recurring type or category of text, as defined by structural and thematic criteria” – David Duff.

A media theorist called Graeme Burton suggests that we can understand a lot about film genre by looking at a number of key concepts. In his book called More than meets the eye, Burton wrote about the key elements of genre… Genre: Graeme Burton

Burton argued that films from a particular genre will all contain recognisable conventions or key elements: Protagonists (main characters) Stock characters (minor characters) Stock situations (e.g. car chases, shoot outs) Icons (props, actors, music – something which becomes iconic of the film or genre) Background and décor (setting, set decoration) Themes (e.g. love, revenge, betrayal, survival, family, honour) All these elements add up to the genre formula. Graeme Burton: Key Elements of Genre Graeme Burton: Key Elements of Genre

Protagonists: A ‘final girl’ called Sidney (the unisex name is a convention) A masked killer (Antagonist) Burton’s key elements applied to Scream (Wes Craven, 1996)

Stock characters: Teenagers (who are all more superficial than Sidney) The dumb policeman (Dewey) The ‘red herring’ (someone that we, the audience, are made to think is the killer, but turns out not to be) Burton’s key elements applied to Scream (Wes Craven, 1996)

Stock Situations. Situations/scenarios in genre films, that seem very familiar to the viewer. Someone falls over as they are being chased by the killer. The killer walks after someone, who is running, but the killer is able to catch up with them. Burton’s key elements applied to Scream (Wes Craven, 1996)

Icons: The mask/knife have become iconic of the teen-slasher horror film. The Scream Mask (Scream Series) Jason’s Knife (Friday 13 th ) Freddie's Claw (Nightmare on Elm St) The Jaws music has become iconic of horror films featuring monsters. Some actors become icons of their genre- e.g. Arnold Schwarzenegger has become iconic of action films. Burton’s key elements applied to Scream (Wes Craven, 1996)

Background and Décor: Many horror films are set in suburban or countryside settings (isolated), as this is in contrast to what most people expect- For example, we expect nasty murders to happen in cities but not in the countryside. Burton’s key elements applied to Scream (Wes Craven, 1996)

Themes: Themes in the horror genre, a key theme is self belief. Love and betrayal. Often the protagonist in horror films doesn’t believe their own sanity/eyes until it is too late. Sidney in Scream is traumatised by her own mothers death, meaning that she doesn’t realise that her own boyfriend is the killer! Burton’s key elements applied to Scream (Wes Craven, 1996)

Genres depend on their ability to change or adapt in order to survive… if a film follows genre conventions too much, it can become too predictable. Steve Neale (1980) argues that pleasure is derived from ‘repetition and difference’ and there would be no pleasure without difference. We may derive pleasure from observing how the conventions of the genre are manipulated, we may also enjoy the stretching of a genre in new directions and the consequent shifting of our expectations. Genres emerged as a way of predicting and fulfilling audience expectation - giving the public what they want. If the film gives you what you expect you will go away gratified, if it doesn’t, you will go away disappointed. You want familiar conventions but with a new element or twist; you would not be on the edge of your seat if the killer/monster always jumped out of the same place. So genres need to combine familiarity with innovation. If genres do not adapt over time, they will die out. Maybe to reappear at a later date with a new element. Steve Neale: Familiarity with Innovation

TASKS – EXAM PREP LEVEL “Candidates demonstrate a clear understanding of audience and relevant media theory and can relate concepts articulately to the production outcome, describing specific elements in relation to theoretical ideas about how media texts are produced for and received by audiences in various ways. Candidates offer a broad range of specific, relevant, interesting and clear examples of how their product can be understood in relation to relevant theories of audience and reception. The use of conceptual language is excellent. Complex issues have been expressed clearly and fluently using a style of writing appropriate to the complex subject matter. Sentences and paragraphs, consistently relevant, have been well structured, using appropriate technical terminology. There may be few, if any, errors of spelling, punctuation and grammar”. CONSTRUCT AN ESSAY STRUCTURE INCLUDE: INTRODUCTION + THEORIES + RMT’S + CONCLUSION