 Spotty Pest Control  Wasted chemicals  Off-target damage  Higher costs - $$$  Environmental impact  Water and Air Quality  Public more aware of pesticide concerns! (Negative)  Spraying in more populated areas? (Suburbs)

 Movement of..  spray particles  vapors off-target  Less effective control  Possible injury to susceptible vegetation and wildlife.

 Chemical Properties  Formulation  Evaporation  Droplet size  Volume

Equipment & Application Factors Affecting Drift Nozzle type Nozzle size Nozzle orientation Nozzle pressure Height of release

87% reduction in drift prone droplets < 150 microns Low drift 0.2 gal/min flow rate - 40 psi Compared to 8002 Standard Flat-fan nozzle

 80 means 80 o fan  03 means 0.3 gallons per minute at 40 psi (38 ½ ounces per minute) 8003 tip

 Larger droplets  At the same flow rate  Same operating pressure than standard flat-fan (SFF) nozzles. PRE-ORIFICE REDUCES LIQUID VELOCITY Reduces small droplets (200 microns) by 50 to 80 percent

Droplet Spectrum (Range - big to small)

 2000  m  850  m  420  m  300  m  150  m  100  m #2 Pencil lead paper clip staple toothbrush bristle sewing thread human hair

Driftability of Spray Droplets of Varying Sizes 10 feet 3 mph 20  20  50  50  100  150   8 ft 22 ft. 48 ft. 178 ft ft. 8 ft 22 ft. 48 ft. 178 ft ft. \

NOZZLE DROP SIZE CLASSES To kill insects, fungus and bacteria use Very Fine to Fine droplets: < 200 um

NOZZLE DROP SIZE CLASSES To kill herbaceous weeds use a Medium to Coarse droplet size: 200 to 450 um

NOZZLE DROP SIZE CLASSES Bare Ground - Very Coarse > 450 um

Turbo TeeJet Flat-fan

Sources of Spray Mist or Fines Aerodynamic Effects Aerodynamic Effects Air friction due to speed of the application vehicle causes additional production of small droplets

Sources of Spray Mist or Fines Aerodynamic Effects Aerodynamic Effects Air friction due to speed of the application vehicle is dependent upon the nozzle orientation angle. 90 o produces the greatest number of small droplets Movement

 15 – 100 psi range  120 o pattern  $ $5.00  Fits Standard fan tip caps

 Spraying Systems  Flat Fan pattern  wider range of pressures 15 to 90 psi  produce fewer drift-prone droplets compared to SFF.  Fits standard TeeJet Nozzle caps Turbo Tee Jet

 Spraying Systems  Clog resistant  Wide angle

Turbo Tee Jet 25 psi at 30” spacings. 20” height

 Greenleaf Technologies  Air Induction (AI)  Venturi pressure reduction chamber  Droplets are filled with air and expand when leaving tip  Better coverage  $10.00

TeeJet Banding Tip ~$7 - $8.00 Operates at higher psi to work efficiently Needs special caps ~ $6.00

ä Temperature & humidity ä Air movement (direction and velocity) ä Air stability/inversions ä Topography

Wind High Relative Humidity Low Temperature Low Relative Humidity High Temperature Fall Distance

Droplet Diameter (microns) Terminal Velocity (ft/sec) Final Drop diameter (microns) Time to evaporate (sec) Deceleration distance (in) < *Conditions assumed: 90 F, 36% R.H., 25 psi., 3.75% pesticide solution

Increase drop size Use of surfactants Use lower pressures Use lower spray (boom) heights Avoid adverse weather conditions Consider using buffer zones Consider using new technologies: drift reduction nozzles drift reduction additives shields, electrostatics, air-assist

Polymer Drift Suppressants produce larger droplets across the spectrum, but will decrease the fan angle. Nozzles on the Left have the polymer suppressant. Adjuvant Influence on Spray Pattern (Note Fan Angle)

LI 700 R-11 Tallow Amine Water Adjuvant Influence on Spray Pattern (Note Uniformity of Pattern - look at the color)