Chapter 23 The Pesticide Dilemma

Types of Pesticides INSECTICIDES HERBICIDES FUNGICIDES RODENTICIDES 23.1 INSECTICIDES Kill insects by blocking reproduction, clogging airways or disrupting nervous system HERBICIDES Kill weeds by disrupting metabolism & growth FUNGICIDES Fungus killers RODENTICIDES Rat & mouse killers

What is a Pesticide? First-Generation Pesticides 23.2 First-Generation Pesticides Inorganic compounds (e.g., lead, mercury) Botanicals (e.g., nicotine, pyrethrin) Pyrethrin is derived from chrysanthemum flowers.

What is a Pesticide? Second-Generation Pesticides Synthetic botanicals (e.g., pyrethroids) DDT

MAJOR CLASSES The Major Groups of Insecticides Chlorinated hydrocarbon (e.g., DDT) Organophosphates (e.g., malathion) Carbamates (e.g., carbaryl)

Table 23-1 Page 520 Table 23-1 Major Types of Pesticides Type Insecticides Chlorinated hydrocarbons Organophosphates Carbamates Botanicals Microbotanicals Examples DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, toxaphene, lindane, chlordane, methoxychlor, mirex Malathion, parathion, diazinon, TEPP, DDVP,mevinphos Aldicarb, carbaryl (Sevin), propoxur, maneb, zineb Rotenone, pyrethrum, and camphor extracted from plants, synthetic pyrethroids (variations of pyrethrum), rotenoids (variations of rotenone), and neonicotinoids (variations of nicotine) Various bacteria, fungi, protozoa Persistence High (2–15 years) Low to moderate (1–2 weeks), but some can last several years Low (days to weeks) Biologically Magnified? Yes No

Table 23-1 Page 520 Table 23-1 Major Types of Pesticides Type Herbicides Contact chemicals Systemic chemicals Soil sterilants Fungicides Various chemicals Fumigants Examples Atrazine, simazine, paraquat 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, Silvex, diuron, daminozide (Alar), alachlor (Lasso), glyphosate (Roundup) Tribulan, diphenamid, dalapon, butylate Captan, pentachlorophenol, zeneb, methyl bromide, carbon bisulfide Carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dibromide, methyl bromide Persistence Low (days to weeks) Mostly low (days to weeks) Low (days) Most low (days) Mostly high Biologically Magnified? No Yes (for most)

What is a Pesticide? The Major Kinds of Herbicides Selective herbicides (e.g., 2,4-D – kills broad-leaved plants) Nonselective herbicides (e.g., glyphosate, aka: Round-UpTM)

Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Benefit: Disease Control Location of malaria

Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Benefit: Crop production Farmers save ~$3 - $5 in crops for every $1 invested into pesticides

Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Problem: Evolution of Genetic Resistance # of species exhibiting genetic resistance to pesticides

Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Problem: Evolution of Genetic Resistance Creates a pesticide treadmill Kills most pests Resistant survive Numbers increase INCREASE Pesticide application EVEN MORE New population genetically resistant

Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Problem: Evolution of Genetic Resistance Resistance Management Create a “refuge” (no pesticide applied) Avoid repeated use of same pesticide

Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Problem: Imbalances in the Ecosystem

Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Problem: Imbalances in the Ecosystem Creation of New Pests

Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Problem: Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Biological Magnification Biomagnification of DDT

Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Problem: Mobility in the Environment

Risks of Pesticides to Human Health Short-term Effects of Pesticides Handling of food with pesticide residue

Risks of Pesticides to Human Health Short-term Effects of Pesticides Case-in-Point: The Bhopal Disaster 40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas released 600,000 people exposed 2,500 immediately killed 2,500 more killed through time 50,000-60,000 have serious health problems

Risks of Pesticides to Human Health Long-term Effects of Pesticides Potentially higher risk of cancer Sterility Miscarriage / birth defects Potentially higher risk for Parkinson’s disease

Alternatives to Pesticides Using Cultivation Methods to Control Pests Interplant mixtures of plants Strip cutting Planting, fertilizing, and irrigating at proper time Crop rotation

Alternatives to Pesticides Biological Controls Using naturally occurring diseases, parasites, or predators to control a pest Pheromones and Hormones Use pheromones to attract insects to traps Synthetic hormones induce abnormal development Reproductive Controls Sterile-male technique – inundate pest population with large numbers of sterile males

Alternatives to Pesticides Genetic Controls Using Genetically Modified plants (GMOs) Case-in-Point: Bt, Its Potential and Problems Genetically modified corn to produce Bt toxin Potential problem: may affect non-target species, such as monarch butterfly Quarantine

Alternatives to Pesticides Integrated Pest Management

Alternatives to Pesticides Integrated Pest Management IPM introduced Rice Production in Indonesia

Alternatives to Pesticides Irradiating Foods Predominantly used on meats Kills many microorganisms

FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT (FIFRA) The primary focus of FIFRA was to provide federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use EPA was given authority under FIFRA not only to study the consequences of pesticide usage but also to require users to register when purchasing pesticides EPA is required to make instructional materials concerning integrated pest management (IPM) techniques available to individuals at their request Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The primary focus of FIFRA was to provide federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use. EPA was given authority under FIFRA not only to study the consequences of pesticide usage but also to require users (farmers, utility companies, and others) to register when purchasing pesticides. The EPA is required to make instructional materials concerning integrated pest management (IPM) techniques available to individuals at their request in accordance with the provisions of section 23(c) of this Act.

Laws Controlling Pesticide Use Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938) Pesticide Chemicals Amendment (1954) Delaney Cause (1958) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947) Estimates of Risk of Cancer from Pesticide Residue

Laws Controlling Pesticide Use Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938) Pesticide Chemicals Amendment (1954) Delaney Cause (1958) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947) Food Quality Protection Act (1996)

The Manufacture and Use of Banned Pesticides Some US companies still make banned or seriously restricted pesticides and export the product. This can potentially lead to the importation of food tainted with banned pesticides

The Manufacture and Use of Banned Pesticides The Global Ban of Persistent Organic Pollutants

IPM is: A pest management philosophy that utilizes all suitable pest management techniques and methods to keep pest populations below economically injurious levels. Each pest management technique must be environmentally sound and compatible with producer objectives. This is one of many definitions of IPM. We will go through the key points of this definition w/ explanations. Key points of this definition include: It is a philosophy where we try to manage a pest instead of controlling or eradicating a pest. It requires a greater knowledge of the pest, crop and the environment. We will explain the general types of management methods are and give examples. We will define what an Economic Injury Level is and how it should be used in an IPM program We will also must indicate that all management techniques must be environmentally sound AND that these techniques must be economically feasible for the producer.

WHAT IS IPM? IPM utilizes a combination of: Preventive measures Monitoring Control techniques IPM’s goal is to suppress pests by the least toxic measures IPM does not exclude the use of chemical pesticides, but utilizes them sparingly and only as a last resort What Is IPM? Integrated Pest Management, or IPM, is an approach to pest control that utilizes a combination of preventive measures, maintains a regular monitoring program and employs a variety of control techniques. IPM’s goal is to suppress pests by the least toxic measures. IPM does not exclude the use of chemical pesticides, but utilizes them sparingly and only as a last resort.