New Classification of Dental Diseases Cesar Augusto Migliorati DDS, MS, PhD.

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New Classification of Dental Diseases Cesar Augusto Migliorati DDS, MS, PhD

New Classification June 2004 Classification of oral diseases of HIV- associated immune suppression (ODHIS) Glick M, Abel SN, Flaitz CM, Migliorati CA, Patton LL, Phelan JA, Reznik DA (ODHIS Workshop Group-USA, Dental Alliance for AIDS/HIV CARE – DAAC)

Classification of oral diseases of HIV – associated immune suppression (ODHIS) Present classification systems for HIV – associated oral lesions developed in the early 1990’s HAART Changing pattern of oral conditions New system needed

Classification of oral diseases of HIV – associated immune suppression (ODHIS) System should reflect: Changes in epidemiology of oral lesions Therapeutics Development of lesions and immune systems Oral lesions to oral disease Oral disease: abnormality characterized by a defined set of signs and symptoms in the oral cavity, extending from the vermilion border of the lip to the oropharynx, with the exception of salivary gland disease

New Classification Group 1 – ODHIS associated with severe immune suppression (CD4<200 cells/mm 3 ) Group 2 – ODHIS associated with immune suppression (CD4<500 cells/mm 3 ) Group 3 – ODHIS assumed associated with immune suppression A) More commonly observed B) Rarely reported Group 4 – Therapeutically-induced oral diseases Group 5 – Emerging oral diseases

Classification of oral disease of HIV- associated immune suppression (ODHIS) Oral diseases do not belong exclusively to one classification Group Overlap may exist

Use for the New Classification Identifying undiagnosed individuals Provides additional rationale for HIV testing Affects access and type of HIV-related healthcare Provides clinical markers for therapeutic interventions and efficacy

Group 1. ODHIS associated with severe immune suppression (CD4<200 cells/mm 3 ) Major recurrent aphthous ulcer Neutropenia-induced ulcers Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis Necrotizing stomatitis Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Chronic HSV Histoplasmosis Esophageal, pseudomembranous, and hypertrophic candidiasis Oral hairy leukoplakia Kaposi’s sarcoma

Pseudomembranous Candidiasis

Esophageal Candidiasis

Hyperplastic Candidiasis

Pseudomembranous Candidiasis / KS

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Histoplasmosis

Periodontitis

Consider: Bacterial Viral Fungal Combination Silverman, Eversole, Truelove. Essentials of Oral Medicine. London, B.C. Decker, Idiopathic Necrotizing Stomatitis

Necrotizing Stomatitis

Chronic HSV

Major recurrent aphthous ulcer Increased frequency, harder to treat, atypical location Erythematous candidiasis Salivary gland disease Drug induced low salivation Facial palsy Neuropathies Hyposalivation Human papilloma virus (HPV) Linear gingival erythema Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Group 2. ODHIS associated with immune suppression (CD4,500 cells/mm3)

Aphthous Ulcer

Erythemathous Candidiasis

Linear Gingival Erythema

Lymphoepithelial Cyst

Human Papilloma Virus

Group 3. ODHIS assumed associated with immune suppression More commonly observed Angular candidiasis Herpes labialis Intra-oral herpes Minor aphthous ulcers Rarely reported Bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis Tuberculosis Deep-seated mycosis (except histoplasmosis) Molluscum contagiosum Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)

Angular Candidiasis

HSV Labialis

Intra-oral Herpes

Silverman, Eversole, Truelove. Essentials of Oral Medicine. London, B.C. Decker, Minor Aphthous Ulcers

Coccidiomycosis

Group 4. Therapeutically-induced oral diseases Side-effect Melanotic hyperpigmentation Ulcers Hyposalivation Lichenoid drug reaction Neutropenia-induced ulcers Thrombocytopenia Lypodystrophy-associated oral changes Perioral paresthesia Steven Johnson’s? Exfoliative cheilitis? Resistance-induced disease Different Candida spp and strains HSV

Adverse reactions Oral ulcers Stevens Johnson’s Taste changes Dryness Perioral paresthesia Thrombocytopenia Antiretrovirals and Adverse Reactions Drugs Indinavir Saquinavir Amprenavir Nevirapine Delavirdine Efavirenz Stavudine Didanosine

Silverman, Eversole, Truelove. Essentials of Oral Medicine. London, B.C. Decker, Ulcers – Medication Induced

Recurrent HSV

Group 5. Emerging oral diseases Human papilloma virus, several HPV types (may be associated with immune reconstitution) Erythema migrans Variants of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL B-cell types) Epithelial neoplasms Aggressive interproximal dental caries

HPV Genotypes 6 & 11 Condyloma Accuminatum

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Patel, P. et al. Incidence of non-AIDS defining malignancies in the HIV Outpatient Study. 11 th CROI, San Francisco, CA Abstract 81 Trends in Cancer and HIV - Between , KS and cervical cancer declined, not NHL - Among Chicago clinic patients lung (RR = 3.63), HD (RR = 77.43), anorectal (RR = 5.03), melanoma (RR = 4.10), head/neck (RR = 9.96) - Compared to general population, incidence has notably increased in HIV-infected individuals

Aggressive Interproximal Caries