Immunosuppression Suppression of cellular functions in the clinical practice  Immunosuppression Groups of immunosuppressive drugs:  Corticosteroids 

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Transplant Immunobiology
Advertisements

Lecture outline Types of hypersensitivity reactions
Anti-Inflammatory & Immunosuppressive Drugs 2
Cytokines receptors and biological functions. Cytokine Receptors  These are the receptors present on membrane of responsive target cells by which cytokines.
Understanding the Immune System
Introduction to immune system: Immunity: The resistance offered by the host to the harmfull effects of pathogenic microbial infection or any foreign material.
Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 69 Immunosuppressants.
Lymphocytes and Lymphoid Tissues. Basic Pathway Figure 2-3.
Cytokines Non-antibody proteins acting as mediators between cells, termed: Monokines – mononuclear phagocytes Lymphokines – activated T cells, especially.
Manipulation of the Immune Response Chapter 14
Ahmad Shihada Silmi Hematologist & Immunologist IUG
New Developments in the Management of Kidney Transplant Patients
Immunomodulators (drugs that modulate immune response)
Groups of immunosuppressive drugs: Corticosteroids
Cytokines Prof. Dr. Zahid Shakoor M.B.B.S, Ph D (London)
Anti-Inflammatory & Immunosuppressive Drugs 2
11 TH LECTURE PhysiotherapyINFLAMMATION. ACUTE INFLAMMATION A rapid response to an injurious agent that serves to deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins.
Disease –Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs ( DMARDs) Slow Acting Anti-inflammatory Drugs.
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Cause of disability. Changes in the joint inflammation, proliferation of the synovium, errosion of cartilage & bones.
Recomendations for the medicamentous treatment of chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease pain Dušan Logar Dpt.of Rheumatology, University Clinical Centre,
Disease –Modifying Antirheumatic drugs
Immunomodulators (drugs that modulate immune response) Dr. Kaukab Azim.
Slow Acting Anti-inflammatory Drugs. DEFINITION Drugs used to relief pain & inflammation.
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
EICOSANOIDS (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes)
Immunity Innate & Adaptive.
( Slow Acting Anti-inflammatory Drugs ). OBJECTIVES At the end of the lecture the students should Define DMARDs Describe the classification of this group.
Unit 2 seminar: Adaptive immunity T & B lymphocytes Reminders: -Use references in discussion and be sure to rephrase information in your own words -Evaluate.
Ma. Janetth B. Serrano, M.D., DPBA
Complement and Cytokines Department of Pathology
White Blood Cells Prepared by Dr. Hamad ALAssaf
immunosuppressants Organ transplantation
Slow Acting Anti-inflammatory Drugs ). BY PROF. AZZA EL-MEDANY DR. OSAMA YOUSF.
Immunology of transplantation. Types of transplantation Autotransplantation –within one organism Allotransplantation- between one species Xenotransplantation-
© 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians Chapter 20 Antineoplastic.
Munir Gharaibeh, MD, PhD, MHPE. August, 2014
( Slow Acting Anti-inflammatory Drugs ). OBJECTIVES At the end of the lecture the students should Define DMARDs Describe the classification of this group.
ADRENOCORTICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Inflammatory & Immune Pharmacology Control of T-lymphocyte Clonal Expansion The Example of Organ Transplant Tolerance.
Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. CHAPTER 45 Immunosuppressant Drugs.
Dr.B.V.Venkataraman Professor in Pharmacology International Medical School Faculti Perubatan, New BEL Rd Bangalore Drugs.
BY PROF. AZZA EL-MEDANY DR. OSAMA YOUSIF General Features & Conditions to use antirheumatic Low doses are commonly used early in the course of the disease.
Immuno pharmacology Dr Malek Zihlif.
Lecture 6 clinical immunology Cytokines
NAJRAN UNIVERSITY College of Medicine NAJRAN UNIVERSITY College of Medicine Microbiology &Immunology Course Lecture No. 15 Microbiology &Immunology Course.
Esther Bokhobza Immunology.unideb.hu
Disease modified Anti-rheumatic drugs ( DMARD)
ORGANIZATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM different cell types diffuse communication network between cells ‚signal transduction’ and inhibition similarity to the.
White blood cells and their disorders Dr K Hampton Haematologist Royal Hallamshire Hospital.
Immunopharmacology 8 March :42 AM.
March 16Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE1. Hematopoietic Growth Factors Regulate the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Cytokines To highlight the major cytokines that are mediators of: (i) natural immunity, (ii) adaptive immunity and (iii) hematopoesis.
IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT THERAPY DR FATAI OLUYADI USMLEINCLINED.COM 1.
Therapies targeting the Immune System:  Stimulation  Suppression  Modulation.
CYTOKINE Hendy Kusnadi Pradipa Syarif. What Is A Cytokine? A small protein released by cells that has a specific effect on the interactions between cells,
UNIVERSITY OF KERBALA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE Department of Pharmacology Immunosuppressant Drugs Dr. Haidar Al-Muthaffar MBChB, MSc, PhD Head of Pharmacology.
Date of download: 6/23/2016 From: Glucocorticoid Therapy for Immune-Mediated Diseases: Basic and Clinical Correlates Ann Intern Med. 1993;119(12):
Immunotherapy. Definition The approach to balance or intervene the immunologic function in order to fight against the disease by the principle of immunology.
Disease Modifying Antirheumatic drugs. At the end of the lecture the students should: Know the pathogenesis of rheumatoid joint damage Emphasize the rational.
Immunosuppressives & chemo tutoring
DMARDs Disease-Modifying Anti rheumatic Drugs
GENERAL IMMUNOLOGY PHT 324
Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis
Transplantation David Straus, Ph.D. Objectives
Drug Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chapter 46 Immunopharmacology.
Cytokine Review 7 November :43 PM.
Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis
Disease Modifying Anti-rheumatic drugs
Presentation transcript:

Immunosuppression Suppression of cellular functions in the clinical practice  Immunosuppression Groups of immunosuppressive drugs:  Corticosteroids  Cytostatic drugs (alkylating agents, folic acid antagonists, purine/pyrimidien inhibitors)  Non-cytostatic immunsuppressive agents  (Cyclosporine A, Tacrolimus and Rapamycin)  Cytokine and Cytokine receptor antibodies  Leukopheresis; the removal of white blood cells  Intravenous immunglobulins (IVIg)

 Inflammation (dermatology, pulmonology, rheumatology)  Allergic diseases  Autoimmune diseases  Transplantation Indications for immunosuppression

Are apolar steroid hormones with broad biological effects. Able to penetrate the cell membrane and bind glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the cytosol. The newly formed receptor-ligand complex translocates to the nucleus where it binds glucocorticoid response elements (GRE) in the promoter region of different target genes. Transactivation  Up-regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Transrepression  Preventing translocation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors and cytokines repressing their expression (Ex. NF-κB, AP-1, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, TNF-α etc. ). CORTICOSTEROIDS I Inhibiting leukocyte adhesion, migration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and cytokine secretion

Very important anti-inflammatory mechanisms of corticosteroids are the inhibition of phospholipase A2 directly and indirectly (by synthesizing lipocortin-1; a PA2 inhibitor) and, the inhibition of cyclooxygenases (like NSAIDs). Inhibition of the arachidonic acid pathway  decreases the pro-inflammation mediators prostaglandins (PGE 2 for example) and leukotrienes (LTs). CORTICOSTEROIDS II In addition as does endogenous cortisol: ↓ proliferation and differentiation of mast cells ↓ platelet activating factor ↓ NO production ↓ number of circulating T cells ↓ interleukin production ↓ IFN-γ production

CORTICOSTEROIDS RELIABLE EFFECTS & RELIABLE SIDE EFFECTS - Central obesity - Growth reatardation in childhood - Susceptibility to infections - Increased risk of thrombosis, coronary heart disease - Lengthened wound healing, ulcers - Gastric ulcer - Osteoporosis, aseptic bone necrosis - Hypertension - Hirsutism (excessive hairiness), atrophy of skin - Glaucoma, cataract  Strict dose limitations, alternating dosage, gradual dose decreasing!  Local administration: fewer (not as significant) side effects!

IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS CORTICOSTEROIDS Methylprednisolone Prednisolone betamethasone Budesonide Triamcinolone

CYTOSTATIC DRUGS Agents for tumor therapy can inhibit the proliferation of lymphocytes. Effective alongside aggressive and severe side effects.  Alkylating agents (Cyclophosphamide, Chlorambucil) Bind to guanine nucleotides, inhibiting DNA-replication; Effective, but causes severe leukopenia and lymphopenia. Anticancer treatment while for autoimmune disorders purine antagonists are prescribed more often.  Folic acid antagonists (Methotrexate) Inhibition of nucleotide synthesis (Folic acid dependent) Hepatotoxic, so regular checks of liver enzymes are needed!  Purine antagonist drugs (6-mercaptopurine, Azathioprine and Mycophenolate mofetil) T- and B-cells have no runaround scavanger recovery pathway, they can produce purine nucleotides through de novo pathway.

IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS CYTOSTATIC DRUGS Azathioprine Cyclophosphamide Methotrexate Mycophenolate mofetil

NON-CYTOSTATIC IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS:  Cyclosporin A. Cyclic peptide of 11 amino acid that binds cyclophylin, a cytosolic protein. This complex of cyclosporin and cyclophylin prevents the activation of calcineurin that is responsible for activating IL-2 transcription factor NF-AT.  Tacrolimus (FK506). Large cyclic compound that acts like the cyclosporin but on different cyclophillin (FKBP-12).  Rapamycin (Sirolimus) binds FKBP-12, but this complex acts on an other serine/threonine phosphatase (mammalian target of rapamycin or "mTOR" = PP2A), not on calcineurin (PP2B). Used in transplant medicine to prevent rejection, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, arthritis and related diseases. * Cyclophilin is an isomerase catalyzing trans to cis isomeration od peptides during protein folding.

Cyclosporin A and tacrolimus (FK506) inhibits cell activation by neutralyzing the serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin

Tacrolimus Rapamycin (Sirolimus) Cyclosporin A IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS NON-CYTOSTATIC DRUGS ACTING ON T CELLS

CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTOR ANTIBODIES: Cytotoxic and blocking monoclonal antibodies (MAB) targeting different cytokines or receptors.  MAB targeting CD3 on the surface of T cells. Transplant medicine. many more tagets…CD4, CD2, CD7, CD20, CD25 HLA-D, IL-17, IL-23, IL-6.  MAB targeting TNF-α used for autoimmune disorders like RA and IBD  Infliximab and Adalimumab.  MAB targeting IL-2 used for preventing transplant organ rejection  Basiliximab and Daclizumab.  MAB targeting IgE used for allergic asthma  Omalizumab. Act by either blocking different receptors  inhibiting cell function, or opsonizing the targeted cells activating complement pathways resulting in phagocytosis.

IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS MAB TARGETING CYTOKINES OR CYTOKINE RECEPTORS Basiliximab Daclizumab Infliximab Omalizumab

LEUKOTRIENE PATHWAY INHIBITION: Used as prophylaxis for asthma. Improve asthma control and reduce frequency of exacerbations. Leukotrienes are arachidonic acid derivatives synthesized by inflammatory cells in the airway (eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages and basophils). LTB 4  chemoattractant LTC 4 and LTD 4  increase bronchial reactivity, constriction, mucosal edema and mucus secretions. Zileuton inhibits 5-lipooxygenase. Zafilukast and Montelukast are LTD 4 receptor antagonists.

IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT DRUGS LEUKOTRIENE ANTAGONISTS Montelukast Zafirlukast Zileuton

OTHER IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS: Fingolimod (FTY720) Acts on adhesion molecules (α4/β7 integrin) on lymphocytes causing their accumulation in the lymph nodes, rather than the peripheral circulation, preventing their movement into the CNS. Reduce relapses and delay disability progression in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Glatiramer acetate Prescribed for MS. Reduces the frequency of relapses but not he progression of disability. Mechanism not fully known. Th1  Th2 shifting ? diverting the autoimmune response against myelin.

TREATING INFLAMMATION: Goals: 1)Pain reliefe 2)Slow or arrest tissue-damaging processes NSAIDs have analgesic and antipyretic effects, but its their anti-inflammatory action that makes them useful in management of disorders where pain is related to the intensity of an inflammatory process (rheumatic disease for ex.) NSAIDs mechanism of action: 1. Inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis 2. Inhibiting chemotaxis 3. Downregulation of IL-1 expression 4. Decrease free radicals and superoxides NSAIDs Aspirin DMARDs Corticosteroids

IMMUNOSTIMULANTS: Imiquimod (Aldara © ) U sed in creams for some skin conditions and cancers. A TLR7 stimulator ctivating Langerhans cells (skin DCs), macrophages and B cells, resulting in the production of IFN-α, IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition to an anti-proliferative effect. (secondary to surgery) Echinacea species Widely marketed but rather controversial (lack of well-controlled trials, with many studies of low quality)

MYELOID GROWTH FACTORS: Stimulate proliferation and differentiation of myeloid stem cells. Used in transplantation. Recombinant human G-CSF (Filgrastim)  increase stem cells mobilization to the periphery (↑ peripheral blood stem cells PBSCs) and stimulates the neutrophil lineage. and GM-CSF (Sargramostin)  stimulates early and late granulocytic progenitor cells (as well as erythroid). GM-CSF + IL-2  ↑ T cell proliferation. Used to treat neutropenia after cytotoxic chemotherapy and after stem cell transplantation.

CytokineDiseaseSide effects Interferon-  (IFN-  - type I) Hairy cell leukaemia Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Melanoma Kaposi sarcoma Hepatitis B, C Renal carcinoma T-cell leukemia fever, influenza-like symptoms, weight loss, tiredness Interferon-  (IFN-  - type I) Multiple sclerosis (relapse-remission) Interferon-  (IFN-  - type II) Chronic granulomatous disease IL-2Metastatic renal carcinoma GM-CSF Bone marrow transplantation  stem cell mobilization Supportive therapy in oncohematology Cytokines applied in therapy