Lesson 1 Fossil Evidence of Evolution Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Fossil Evidence of Evolution Lesson 2 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Lesson 3 Biological Evidence of Evolution Chapter Wrap-Up Chapter Menu

How do species adapt to changing environments over time? Chapter Introduction

What do you think? Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements. Chapter Introduction

Do you agree or disagree? 1. Original tissues can be preserved as fossils. 2. Organisms become extinct only in mass extinction events. 3. Environmental change causes variations in populations. Chapter Introduction

Do you agree or disagree? 4. Variations can lead to adaptations. 5. Living species contain no evidence that they are related to each other. 6. Plants and animals share similar genes. Chapter Introduction

Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC Fossil Evidence of Evolution How do fossils form? How do scientists date fossils? How are fossils evidence of biological evolution? Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC

Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab Fossil Evidence of Evolution fossil record mold cast trace fossil geologic time scale extinction biological evolution Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab

I. The Fossil Record A. The fossil record- A record of all the fossils ever discovered on Earth. 1. Arranged by date 2. Provides evidence that species have changed over time. 3. Fossil evidence allows scientists to recreate the physical appearance of species that are extinct Lesson 1-1

II.Fossil Formation A. After an animal dies, any soft tissues animals do not eat break down by decomposers in the air and soil. tissue Science Use similar cells that work together and perform a function Common Use a piece of soft, absorbent paper Lesson 1-2

Fossil Formation (cont.) 1. Only hard parts, such as bones, shells, and teeth, remain. B. Under rare conditions, these parts become fossils. Lesson 1-2

III. Types of Fossils Mold- The impression of an organism in a rock is left behind (empty space) after the organism deays B. Cast- A 3-D model of the hard parts of the organism 1. Forms when a mold is filled with water and sediments 2. Minerals harden to form the cast fossil a) Let’s make a fossil! Lesson 1-2

Types of Fossils (cont.) C. Trace fossil- Evidence left behind showing the activity of an organism. 1. Ex: Footprint, Feather, Etc fossil from Latin fossilis, means “to obtain by digging” Lesson 1-2

Types of fossils(cont.) D. In rare cases, the original tissues of an organism can be preserved. 1. Amber (Tree Sap) 2. Ice (Wooly Mammoths) List the different ways fossils can form. Lesson 1-2

IV. Determining a Fossil’s Age A. Scientists find the age of the rock containing the fossil. 1. Relative-Age Dating- scientists determine the relative order in which rock layers were deposited. a) Oldest layers on the bottom, youngest on top b) Layers can be disrupted by earthquakes, mudslides, etc. Lesson 1-3

Determining a Fossil’s Age (cont.) How does relative-age dating help scientists learn about fossils? Lesson 1-3

Determining a Fossil’s Age (cont.) 2. Radiometric Dating (Absolute)- Using radioactive decay, a natural clocklike process in rocks, to learn a rock’s absolute age, or its age in years. a) Looks at igneous/volcanic layers above and below the rock of interest. b) Uses the steady rate of radioactive decay (and how many original atoms are left) to determine the age Lesson 1-3

Determining a Fossil’s Age (cont.) c) Half-Life- The amount of time it takes for half of the original atoms to decay 1) Ex: Carbon 14 is 5730 years, up to 60,000 years old 2) Ex: Potassium 40 is 1.25 billion years, up to 4 billion d) Rock Box Demonstration 1) Pennies & Nickels Lesson 1-3

3. Scientists use the age of the layers to estimate the age of the fossils in between. Lesson 1-3

V. Fossils over Time The geologic time scale is a chart that divides Earth’s history into different time units. 1. Eons—the longest time units in the geologic time scale. a) Hadean b) Archaean c) Proterozoic d) Phanerozoic Lesson 1-4

V. Fossils over Time 2. Eras a) Precambrian (microorganisms) b) Paleozoic (plants & small reptiles) c) Mesozoic (dinosaurs) d) Cenozoic (mammals) Lesson 1-4

V. Fossils over Time 3. Periods (Don’t Write) f) Permian a) Cambrian g) Triassic b) Ordovician h) Jurassic c) Silurian i) Cretaceous d) Devonian j) Tertiary e) Carboniferous K) Quaternary Lesson 1-4

Lesson 1-4

VI. Extinctions A. Extinction occurs when the last individual organism of a species dies. 1. Extinctions can occur when environments change. 2. Mass extinctions often mark the end of an era Lesson 1-5

Extinctions (cont.) B. The fossil record contains evidence of 5 mass extinctions in the Phanerozoic eon. Lesson 1-5

Extinctions (cont.) C. The fossil record contains evidence of the appearance of many new species over time. 1. Biological evolution- is the change of inherited traits in populations over time. Lesson 1-5

The fossil record is evidence that horses descended from organisms for which only fossils exist today. Lesson 1-5

Extinctions (cont.) How are fossils evidence of biological evolution? Lesson 1-6

Fossils can consist of the hard parts or soft parts of organisms Fossils can consist of the hard parts or soft parts of organisms. Fossils can be an impression of an organism or consist of original tissues. Scientists determine the age of a fossil through relative-age dating or absolute- age dating. Lesson 1 - VS

Scientists use fossils as evidence that species have changed over time. Lesson 1 - VS

Which refers to a chart that divides Earth’s history into different time units? A. fossil record B. geologic time scale C. relative-age dating D. trace fossil Lesson 1 – LR1

Which is the preserved evidence of the activity of an organism? A. cast B. fossil record C. mold D. trace fossil Lesson 1 – LR2

Which refers to the impression of an organism in a rock? A. cast B. fossil C. mold D. trace fossil Lesson 1 – LR3

1. Original tissues can be preserved as fossils. Do you agree or disagree? 1. Original tissues can be preserved as fossils. 2. Organisms become extinct only in mass extinction events. Lesson 1 - Now

Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Who was Charles Darwin? How does Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection explain how species change over time? How are adaptations evidence of natural selection? Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC

Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection naturalist variation natural selection adaptation camouflage mimicry selective breeding Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab

I. Charles Darwin A. Naturalist- A person who studies plants and animals by observing them. 1. Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who, in the mid-1800s, developed a theory of organisms evolve. a) Remember “evolution” refers to how the inherited characteristics of organisms CHANGE over time Lesson 2-1

1. Tortoises looked different depending on which island they inhabited B. Darwin found that each island in the Galápagos had a different environment. 1. Tortoises looked different depending on which island they inhabited Lesson 2-1

Charles Darwin (cont.) Who was Charles Darwin? Lesson 2-1

Natural Selection Lesson 2-2

II. Darwin’s Theory A. A variation is a slight difference in an inherited trait of individual members of a species. B. Variations arise naturally in populations, occurring in offspring as a result of sexual reproduction. C. Genetic changes to phenotype can be passed on to future generations. Lesson 2-2

II. Darwin’s Theory (cont.) D. Natural selection- Process in which organisms with helpful variations survive longer, compete better, and reproduce more than those that do not have the variations. 1. “Survival of the Fittest” (to the environment) E. Natural selection explains how populations change as their environments change. Lesson 2-2

Darwin’s Theory (cont.) What role do variations have in the theory of evolution by natural selection? Lesson 2-2

III. Adaptations Through natural selection, a helpful variation in one individual can spread to all members of a population. B. Adaptation- An inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of surviving and reproducing in its environment. 1. “A helpful variation” Lesson 2-3

Adaptations (cont.) adaptation from Latin adaptare, means “to fit” Lesson 2-3

Adaptations (cont.) How do variations lead to adaptations? Lesson 2-3

III. Adaptations (cont.) C. Structural adaptations include color, shape, and other physical characteristics. 1. Ex: Camouflage enables a species to blend in with its environment. 2. Ex: Mimicry- One species “copies” another Lesson 2-3

III. Adaptations (cont.) D. Behavioral adaptations involve the way an organism behaves or acts. 1. Ex: A vulnerable organism “mimics” the sound of a predator to keep other predators away E. Functional adaptations involve internal body systems that affect biochemistry. 1. Salamander’s tail falls off (and regenerates) if grabbed by a predator Lesson 2-3

IV. Artificial Selection A. Selective breeding- The breeding of organisms for desired characteristics 1. Humans decide 2. Darwin’s pigeons B. Darwin realized that changes caused by selective breeding (humans) were much like changes caused by natural selection (environment). Lesson 2-4

V. Speed of Evolution Models A. Gradualism- Slow, steady change over extremely long periods of time. B. Punctuated Equilibrium- Short time periods when many genetic variations occur. 1. Often following mass extinctions due to drastically different environment 2. Long periods of “genetic equilibrium” (no change) in between Lesson 2-4

Lesson 3-2

Charles Darwin developed his theory of evolution partly by observing organisms in their natural environment. Natural selection occurs when organisms with certain variations live longer, compete better, and reproduce more often than organisms that do not have the variations. Lesson 2 - VS

Adaptations occur when a beneficial variation is eventually inherited by all members of a population. Lesson 2 - VS

Which refers the process by which populations of organisms with variations that help them survive in their environments live longer, compete better, and reproduce more than those that do not have the variations? A. adaptation B. mimicry C. natural selection D. selective breeding Lesson 2 – LR1

Which is an inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of surviving and reproducing in its environment? A. adaptation B. camouflage C. natural selection D. variation Lesson 2 – LR2

What term refers to the breeding of organisms for desired characteristics? A. adaptation B. variation C. natural selection D. selective breeding Lesson 2 – LR3

3. Environmental change causes variations in populations. Do you agree or disagree? 3. Environmental change causes variations in populations. 4. Variations can lead to adaptations. Lesson 2 - Now

Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC Biological Evidence of Evolution What evidence from living species supports the theory that species descended from other species over time? How are Earth’s organisms related? Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC

Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab Biological Evidence of Evolution comparative anatomy homologous structure analogous structure vestigial structure embryology Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab

I. Evidence for Evolution The degree to which species are related depends on how closely in time they diverged, or split, from their common ancestor. 1. The fossil record contains many examples of fossil sequences showing close ancestral relationships. Lesson 3-1

2. Different species of horses often overlapped with each other. Lesson 3-1

II. Comparative Anatomy Evidence A. Comparative anatomy- The study of similarities and differences among structures of living species. B. Homologous structures- Body parts of organisms that are similar in structure and position but may be different in function. 1. Remember, “homo” means “same/similar” Lesson 3-1

2. Forelimb comparison: these species are different sizes, but their placement and structure suggest common ancestry. a. How else do you explain such different creatures having such similar anatomy? Lesson 3-1

II. Comparative Anatomy Evidence How do homologous structures provide evidence for evolution? Lesson 3-1

1. Ex: Bird and Insect wings C. Analogous structures- Body parts that perform a similar function but differ in structure 1. Ex: Bird and Insect wings Lesson 3-1

D. Vestigial structures are body parts that have lost their original function through evolution. Lesson 3-1

Evidence for Evolution (cont.) How are vestigial structures evidence of descent from ancestral species? Lesson 3-1

III. Developmental Evidence A. Embryology- The science of the development of embryos from fertilization to birth embryology from Greek embryon, means “to swell” and from Greek logia, means “study of” Lesson 3-1

B. ALL vertebrate embryos look very similar! 1. Suggests they have a common ancestor in their evolutionary history Lesson 3-1

Evidence for Evolution (cont.) How do pharyngeal pouches provide evidence of relationships among species? Lesson 3-1

VI. Molecular Biology (DNA) Evidence A. Molecular biology is the study of gene structure and function. 1. Discoveries in molecular biology have confirmed much of the theory of evolution. B. The more genes in common, the more closely related the two species 1. Ex: Humans & Chimps share 97% of the same DNA Lesson 3-1

2. Molecular data indicate that whales are more closely related to hippopotamuses than they are to any other living species. Lesson 3-1

VI. Molecular Biology (DNA) Evidence C. Scientists have found that some sections of shared DNA mutate at predictable rates. 1. This “molecular clock” is used to estimate at what time in the past living species diverged from common ancestors. Lesson 3-1

VI. Molecular Biology (DNA) Evidence How is molecular biology used to determine relationships among species? Lesson 3-1

The Study of Evolution Today New evidence supporting the theory of evolution by natural selection is discovered nearly every day, but scientists debate some of the details. New fossils that have features of species that lived both before them and after them help scientists study more details about the origin of new species. Lesson 3-2

By comparing the anatomy of organisms and looking for homologous or analogous structures, scientists can determine if organisms had a common ancestor. Lesson 3 - VS

Some organisms have vestigial structures, suggesting that they descended from a species that used the structure for a purpose. Lesson 3 - VS

Scientists use evidence from developmental and molecular biology to help determine if organisms are related. Lesson 3 - VS

A. analogous structures B. homologous structures C. pharyngeal pouches What term refers to body parts that perform a similar function but differ in structure? A. analogous structures B. homologous structures C. pharyngeal pouches D. vestigial pelvis Lesson 3 – LR1

What is the name for the science of the development of embryos from fertilization to birth? A. adaptation B. embryology C. comparative anatomy D. molecular biology Lesson 3 – LR2

Which describes the study of similarities and differences among structures of living species? A. adaptation B. embryology C. comparative anatomy D. molecular biology Lesson 3 – LR3

6. Plants and animals share similar genes. Do you agree or disagree? 5. Living species contain no evidence that they are related to each other. 6. Plants and animals share similar genes. Lesson 3 - Now

Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice Key Concept Summary Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice Chapter Review Menu

Through natural selection, species evolve as they adapt to Earth’s changing environments. The BIG Idea

Lesson 1: Fossil Evidence of Evolution Fossils form in many ways, including mineral replacement, carbonization, and impressions in sediment. Scientists can learn the ages of fossils by techniques of relative-age dating and absolute-age dating. Though incomplete, the fossil record contains patterns suggesting the biological evolution of related species. Key Concepts 1

Lesson 2: Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection The 19th century naturalist Charles Darwin developed a theory of evolution that is still studied today. Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is the process by which populations with variations that help them survive in their environments live longer and reproduce more than those without beneficial variations. Over time, beneficial variations spread through populations, and new species that are adapted to their environments evolve. Camouflage, mimicry, and other adaptations are evidence of the close relationships between species and their changing environments. Key Concepts 2

Lesson 3: Biological Evidence of Evolution Fossils provide only one source of evidence of evolution. Additional evidence comes from living species, including studies in comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular biology. Through evolution by natural selection, all of Earth’s organisms are related. The more recently they share a common ancestor, the more closely they are related. Key Concepts 3

Which term describes the collection of all the fossils ever discovered on Earth? A. cast B. mold C. fossil record D. trace fossil Chapter Review – MC1

Which is a fossil copy of an organism in a rock? A. cast B. mold C. fossil record D. trace fossil Chapter Review – MC2

C. behavioral adaptation D. functional adaptation What kind of adaptation enables a species to blend in with its environment? A. camouflage B. mimicry C. behavioral adaptation D. functional adaptation Chapter Review – MC3

C. behavioral adaptations D. functional adaptations What kind of adaptations involve internal body systems that affect biochemistry? A. mimicry B. variation C. behavioral adaptations D. functional adaptations Chapter Review – MC4

Which of these is the study of gene structure and function? A. embryology B. variation C. comparative anatomy D. molecular biology Chapter Review – MC5

C. biological evolution D. mass extinction Which term describes what happens when the last individual organism of a species dies? A. adaptation B. extinction C. biological evolution D. mass extinction Chapter Review – STP1

How many eons is Earth’s history divided into? B. 4 C. 10 D. 25 Chapter Review – STP2

What describes one species’ resemblance to another species? A. adaptation B. camouflage C. mimicry D. variation Chapter Review – STP3

What type of adaptation involves the way an organism behaves or acts? A. mimicry B. variation C. behavioral adaptation D. structural adaptation Chapter Review – STP4

C. analogous structures D. homologous structures What term refers to body parts of organisms that are similar in structure and position but different in function? A. camouflage B. mimicry C. analogous structures D. homologous structures Chapter Review – STP5