Drug Trafficking and Abuse - Impediments to development - Akira Fujino United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

Shanghai, 1909

Early days 1920s-30s

Century of Drug Control BACKGROUND 19th century: Opium epidemic in Asia, notably China; morphine abuse problem in USA; emergence of heroin 1880-1906: Massive increases in coca leaf exports from the Andean region (later from Java); emerging cocaine epidemic in the USA RESPONSE 1909: Shanghai Conference – International Opium Commission 1912: The Hague: First International Opium Convention 1920-1945: International Drug Control under auspices of League of Nations 3 drug conventions (1925, 1931, 1936) 1946 + International Drug Control under auspices of United Nations 1948: Protocol (synthetic opioids) 1953: Opium Protocol 1961: Single Convention (amended by Protocol in 1972) 1971: Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1988: UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1998: UNGASS: Political Declaration and Guiding Principles on Demand Reduction

Related UN Agencies Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ) Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

Opiates Opium Morphine Heroin

Cannabis CANNABIS

Coca/Cocaine

Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS) Methamphetamine Amphetamine Ecstacy

Precursor chemicals

Opiates

Golden Triangle

Myanmar – Thailand border

Global opium production, 1990-2010

Global heroin flows of Asian origins

Heroin trafficking from Afghanistan

Balkan Route and Northern Route Source: UNODC, 2010 World Drug Report, June 2010.

Cocaine

Coca in the Andean region Coca cultivation, 2008 (167,600 ha) 81,000 ha -18% 56,100 ha +4% Potential cocaine production, 2008 (845 tons) 30,500 ha +6%

Major trans-regional cocaine flows, 1998 and 2008 Source: UNODC, 2010 World Drug Report, June 2010.

Amphetamine-type Stimulants (ATS)

Locations of amphetamines manufacture and main trafficking routes Sources: UNODC, Annual Reports Questionnaire Data, UNODC, Individual Drug Seizure Database, other government sources.

Major methamphetamine trafficking routes out of Myanmar Also in the Americas.

Illicit methamphetamine laboratory Fiji 2004

N Illicit methamphetamine laboratory Indonesia - 2005 Gates Factory Chimneys Chemical Storage Area Main Road Gates Undercover Agents live here for 6 months Factory Barracks Break Office Prayer and Break Area N

New Trends in West Africa: Methamphetamine

Precursor chemicals

Preventing diversion of precursor chemicals into illicit drug manufacture

Early cases of precursors used in illicit manufacture of amphetamine-type stimulants Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine P - 2 - P and 3,4 - MDP - 2 - P UNITED KINGDOM CANADA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA MEXICO GUATEMALA RUSSIAN FEDERATION GERMANY YUGOSLAVIA ALBANIA NETHERLANDS CHIINA INDIA MYANMAR HONG KONG SAR OF China INDONESIA AUSTRALIA

Acetic Anhydride: Diversity of trade flow

Seizures of precursor chemicals Acetic anhydride

Way forward

Cultivation and Insurgency Cultivation of opium poppy Insurgency in the South of the country Major activities of the Taliban 2008

Sustainable Alternative Development Farmers do not gain Opium Addiction high in areas of opium poppy cultivation increased poverty level Agricultural development for food security Temperate & cash crops Live stocks Non-agricultural activities Development of micro credit/ revolving funds Construction of irrigation system Education Health Domestic & international marketing - Value added Ref Afghanistan - Balkh Province

TARCET

Problem drug use reflected in treatment demand by region: late 1990s and 2008 Trafficking – abuse follows

For more information, please visit www.unodc.org