Figure 1: Community Safety Difficulty moving from estate Negative reputation of estate Poor appearance of estate Vandalism Hooliganism Offenders evade capture Police approach obvious Single access point to estate Isolation of Community Non-residents don’t visit Car Crime Poor bus service Increased volume of traffic Isolation of individuals in community Reduced social contact in community Poor diet Lack of facilities: shops, post office Groups of young people with nothing to do Unsafe play area Fire Service withdrawn Impaired childhood development Lack of primary + pre- school education facilities Lack of community participation Siting of disabled units Poor lighting of football pitch Nuisance Lack of play areas Alleyways on estate Poor lighting on estate Fear of crime Fear of abuse/intimidation Loss of sleep Anxiety Burglaries StressIrritability/tiredness Poor family functioning Poor performance at work Domestic violence Children on streets Increased risk of road traffic accidents Stigmatisation

Figure 4: Simplified version of Figure 1 Showing Influential Causes, Nodes and Outcomes Increased risk of accidents Vandalism/HooliganismDesign of estateBurglariesPoor performance at work Groups of young people with nothing to do Fear of Crime/abuse Stress AnxietyDomestic Violence Lack of facilities and services Reduced social contact Isolation of individuals in community Impaired childhood development Single access point to estate

Figure 2: Housing & Estate Design Allocation policy Unbalanced composition of community “Split” communities No sense of community/neighbourliness Isolation of individuals in community Conflict with neighbours Stress Depression Poor housing design [heating/noise insulation] Loss of sleep Estate design [alleyways] Fear of crime Missed appointments/low take- up of preventative therapy in primary care Different building phases Lack of meeting places Reduced social contact in and outside the community Long distances to walk to service & facilities Back pain Demotivation/ ”don’t bother” Rapid expansion of estate Ghetto-isolation Lack of areas for play Physical isolation of estate/single access point Poor bus service Lack of facilities on estate: shops, post office, GP surgery Increased level of traffic Increased air pollution Respiratory problems Estate built on flood plain Access difficult for emergency services Anxiety Increased risk of morbidity from injuries Fuel poverty Poor health Poor diet

Figure 5: Simplified version of Figure 2 Showing Influential Causes, Nodes and Outcomes Respiratory problems Increased level of traffic Poor bus service Estate design [alleyways] Housing design [heating noise insulation] Estate built on flood plain Rapid expansion of estate/phased building Physical isolation of estate/single access point Long distances to walk to services and facilities Stress “Ghetto”-sation/”Split” communities/No sense of Community neighbourliness Reduced social contact Lack of facilities and services on estate Demotivation Poor diet Poor health Lack of meeting places Depression

Figure 3: Access to Services & Facilities Lack of GP surgery Vandalism of existing facilities Lack of shops/post office Lack of education facilities (pre- school) Loss of existing facilities Anxiety Demotivation Failure to take up primary care appointments Lack of personal transport Long distance to services & facilities to supply basic needs Difficult to access services & facilities Impaired personal development/health & well-being StressPoor diet Failure to thrive in children Time management pressures Poor bus service Single access point to estate Isolation of individuals & community

Figure 6: Simplified version of Figure 3 Showing Influential Causes, Nodes and Outcomes Vandalism to existing services/facilities Impaired personal development/failure to thrive Long distances to walk to services and facilities to supply basic needs. Difficult to access services and facilities Lack of services and facilities Stress Poor bus services Single access point to estate Lack of personal transport Isolation of individuals and community